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ABD 2 > CHAPTER 22 THYROID > Flashcards

CHAPTER 22 THYROID Flashcards

1
Q

benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

A

adenoma

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2
Q

rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age

A

anaplastic carcinoma

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3
Q

remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck

A

branchial cleft cyst

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4
Q

a thyroid hormone that is important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

A

calcitonin

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5
Q

refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

A

euthyroid

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6
Q

use of a fine-gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass

A

fine-needle aspiration

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7
Q

occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid gland

A

follicular carcinoma

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8
Q

enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

A

goiter

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9
Q

autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (bulging eyes), and cutaneous manifestations

A

Graves’ Disease

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10
Q

chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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11
Q

disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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12
Q

oversecretion of thyroid hormones

A

Hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

low phosphatase level, which can be seen with hyperparathyroidism

A

hypophosphatasia –

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14
Q

undersecretion of thyroid hormones

A

hypothyroidism

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15
Q

small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the gland

A

isthmus

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16
Q

wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

A

longus colli muscle

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17
Q

disorder characterized by localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

A

lymphadenopathy

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18
Q

neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

A

medullary carcinoma

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19
Q

tiny echogenic foci within a nodule that may or may not shadow

A

microcalcifications

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20
Q

nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

A

multinodular goiter

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21
Q

degenerative nodules within the thyroid

A

nodular hyperplasia

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22
Q

most common form of thyroid malignancy

A

papillary carcinoma

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23
Q

a hormone that is secreted by the parathyroid glands, which regulate serum calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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24
Q

enlargement of multiple parathyroid glands

A

parathyroid hyperplasia

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25
oversecretion of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma
primary hyperparathyroidism
26
present in a small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus
pyramidal lobe
27
enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency
secondary hyperparathyroidism
28
lab value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism
serum calcium
29
large muscles anterolateral to the thyroid
sternocleidomastoid muscles
30
group of three muscles (sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid) that lie anterior to the thyroid
strap muscle
31
viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation
subacute (de Quervain’s) thyroiditis
32
congenital anomalies that present in midline of the neck anterior to the trachea
thyroglossal duct cysts
33
inflammation of the thyroid
thyroiditis
34
a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
35
What is the three hormones that the thyroid produces?
Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin
36
What are the functions of the thyroid?
- It maintains metabolism, growth, and development | - Produces, stores, and secretes thyroid hormones
37
Is the thyroid part of the exocrine or endocrine system?
Endocrine
38
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Located in the anterorinferior neck at the level of the thyroid cartilage
39
Rt. and Lt. thyroid lobes located on each side of the _________. They are connected across midline by the _______ and bound laterally by the _____artery and _______ vein
Trachea Isthmus Carotid artery and jugular vein
40
Do females or males have larger thyroid glands?
Females
41
What are the adult measurements of the thyroid?
Adults Length- 40-60mm (4-6cm) AP- 20-30mm (2-3cm) Width- 15-20mm (1.5-2cm) Isthmus AP- 4-6mm (0.4-0.6cm)
42
When in transverse, make sure you see the _______ in the measuring image. Also where do you measure?
Isthmus AP as well as length. * * * *
43
If you are unable to get a clear measuring image of the thyroid gland is SAG what can you do?
Switch to a curvilinear transducer.
44
Where does the Thyroid get its blood supply?
Two superior thyroid arteries arise from external carotid artery (ECA) and descend to the upper poles Two inferior thyroid arteries arise from the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery and ascend to the lower thyroid poles Corresponding veins drain into the internal jugular veins.
45
The pituitary gland produces ____ then controlled by ______, and the _____ secretion controls the release of thyroid hormones.
TSH Hypothalamus TSH secretion
46
The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is ________
iodine metabolism
47
When the thyroid is producing the correct amount of thyroid hormone this is called ___________.
euthyroid
48
Causes- 1) Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body 2) Inability of the thyroid to produce adequate amount of the thyroid hormone 3) A pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production What is the diagnosis and the treatment?
Hypothyroidism which is the undersecretion of thyroid hormones Treatment would be hormone medication.
49
A patient comes in and complains that she has recently lost some hair, gained weight, been very cold, and her voice has deepened. What could this indicate?
Hypothyroidism
50
Occurs when the entire gland is out of control or when a localized neoplasm (adenoma) that causes overproduction of the thyroid hormone
Hyperthyroidism
51
A patient comes in and complains of weight loss, excessive sweating and heat intolerance, and you notice her eyes seem to be protruding from her eye sockets. What could this indicate?
Hyperthyroidism (the sudden increase of thyroid hormones
52
What are some questions you should ask the patient before starting the exam?
Has there been any changes in your health? Any use of thyroid medication or history of use? Previous imaging of thyroid? Family history of hyperparathyroidism or thyroid cancer?
53
Sonographically the thyroid gland is enlarged heterogenous w/ isoechoic/hyperechoic nodules with a thin peripheral halo and calcifications. What could this indicate?
goiter
54
most common malignancy of the thyroid that is more commonly found in females. 90% hypoechoic Microcalcification with or without shadowing 90% hypervascular What is this?
Papillary Carcinoma
55
Carcinoma that spreads through the blood stream versus the lymphatics. It is also more aggressive that papillary. Mets to bone, lung, brain and liver. Sonographically- Irregular margin with thick irregular halo Nodular enlargement Tortuous internal blood vessel
Follicular Carcinoma
56
5% of thyroid cancers---Often familial- 20% of the time May be multicentered and/or bilateral in familial cases High incidence in metastatic involvement of lymph nodes Ultrasound findings Similar to papillary ca.- hypoechoic Calcium deposits are often noted Careful evaluation of the entire neck are and liver to rule out metastases
Medullary Carcinoma
57
Rare- less than 2% that usually occurs after age 50 Hard fixed mass with rapid growth Growth is locally invasive in surrounding neck structures It usually causes death by compression and asphyxiation due to invasion of the trachea Ultrasound Findings Hypoechoic Invasion of surrounding muscles and vessels
Anaplastic Carcinoma
58
Which of the carcinomas of the thyroid can cause death by compression and asphyxiation due to invasion of trachea?
Anaplastic Carcinoma
59
________ in the thyroid is usually non-Hodgkin type Affects older females and 4% of all thyroid malignancies Clinically-rapid growing neck mass Many cases patient has preexisting chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) or hypothyroidism ``` Ultrasound findings Nonvascular Hypoechoic Lobulated Thyroid tissue may be heterogenous because of associated thyroiditis Can have areas of cystic necrosis ```
Lymphoma
60
Most common type of thyroiditis Characterized by destructive autoimmune disorder, which leads to chronic inflammation of thyroid commonly found in young or middle age female Painless and diffuse enlargement Ultrasound Findings Coarse and slightly more hypoechoic Initially homogenous enlargement occurs with nodularity then progresses to inhomogenous enlargement. Can develop into hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
61
People who have ____________ thyroiditis are at risk to develop hypothyroidism
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
62
Characterized by thyrotoxicosis and is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism Findings- hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos, and cutaneous manifestations Thyroid gland is diffusely homogeneous and enlarged
Graves’ Disease
63
What is the most common cause of thyroid disorders worldwide and what can it lead to?
iodine deficiency goiter formation and hypothyroidism
64
What is the most common carcinoma of the thyroid?? Is it more common in females or males?
Papillary. Females
65
Which cancer is more aggressive? Papillary or follicular?
Follicular
66
How does follicular carcinoma spread??
Through the bloodstream
67
What is the most common case of thyroiditis?
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
68
What can Hashimoto's Thyroiditis lead to ?
Hypothyriodism
69
How many parathyroid glands do most people have?
4 but there can be 3-5 Most commonly there is two superior and two inferior
70
What is most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
Adenoma (80% cases)
71
What is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves disease

ABD 2 (5 decks)

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