Chapter 23

Question 1

What are the two major domains in prokaryotes?

Answer 1

Archaea and bacteria

NOTES
they are both singled cell organisms that do not have a membrane bound organelle,they are source of food for many organisms,they also act as decomposers which helps the environment.

Question 2

Archaea and bacteria both live in extreme environments but which one lives mostly in extreme environments

Answer 2

Archaea

Question 3

What does the word Archaea mean?

Answer 3

Ancient

Question 4

What is rRNA and what is it used for?

Answer 4

All life have rRNA and can be used to make comparisons between different organisms species.

Question 5

What are the benefits of rRNA changing very slowly overtime?

Answer 5

we can use it to track relationships, evolutionary linkages and common ancestors.

Question 6

Which two share a more common ancestor Bacteria & eukarya or archaea & eukarya?

Answer 6

Archaea & Eukarya

Question 7

Why are archaea and eukaryotes share more common ancestry than bacteria and eukaryotes?

Answer 7

Even though Archaea belongs to the same domain as bacteria, their genes resemble Eukaryotes more.

Question 8

What separates archaea from bacteria

Answer 8

Archaea does not have a peptidoglycan.
And their genetics they have introns (portions of DNA transcribed into RNA) like eukaryotes.

Question 9

Name some archaeal groups

Answer 9

Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles

Question 10

What are Methanogens?

Answer 10

An archaea that obtains energy from converting hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane gas.

Question 11

Where methanogens live?

Answer 11

In anaerobic conditions such as cow’s intestines and deep waters, sewers and swamps.

Question 12

Define anaerobic.

Answer 12

Oxygen is absent.

Question 13

What are halophiles?

Answer 13

Salt loving archaea.

Question 14

Where do halophiles live?

Answer 14

In areas with high concentrated salt such as the Dead Sea.

Question 15

What are thermoacidophiles?

Answer 15

Heat and acid loving archaea.

Question 16

Where do Thermoacidophiles live?

Answer 16

In very acidic and high temperature environments.
Such as near volcanoes and black smokers.

Question 17

What are black smokers?

Answer 17

Hydrothermal vents ( cracks in the ocean floor that leak very hot dark colored water.

Question 18

Name the three shapes most Bacteria come in.

Answer 18

Bacilli (rod shaped)
Cocci (spherical shaped)
Spirilla (spiral shaped)

Question 19

What are streptococci?

Answer 19

When cocci occur in chains.

Question 20

What are staphylococci?

Answer 20

When cocci occur in clusters.

Question 21

What is gram stain?

Answer 21

Grouping bacteria into two groups based on the structure of their cell wall.

Question 22

What are the two groups in gram stain?

Answer 22

Gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria.

Question 23

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative?

Answer 23

Gram positive has a thick peptidoglycan gram negative has a thin peptidoglycan and gram negative has an outer membrane containing lipopollysacharides surrounding the cell.

Question 24

How do prokaryotes use transformation?

Answer 24

Prokaryotes pick up genes from DNA in the environment by transformation.

Question 25

Name four gram negative bacterias

Answer 25

Proteobacteria Cyanobacteria Chlamydia Spirochete

Question 26

What is a proteobacteria?

Answer 26

A nitrogen fixing bacteria which is also gram negative.

Question 27

What is a disease caused by proteobacteria?

Answer 27

Agrobacterium which causes tumors in plants.

Question 28

What is a Cyanobacteria?

Answer 28

A gram negative bacteria that uses photosynthesis to get energy from the sun which means they produce oxygen.

Question 29

What is believed to be the first oxygen producing organism and a contributor to adding oxygen when the atmosphere was thin.

Answer 29

Cyanobacteria

Question 30

_____ offer a large amount of food for marine life.

Answer 30

Cyanobacteria

Question 31

Give an example of Proteobacteria.

Answer 31

E. coli.

Question 32

Give an example of Cyanobacteria.

Answer 32

Anabaena.

Question 33

What are spirochetes?

Answer 33

Spiral shaped gram negative bacteria. Comes in both aerobic and anaerobic.

Question 34

How do spirochetes move?

Answer 34

In a corkscrew-like motion.

Question 35

There is a strain of spirochetes that causes the _____ disease

Answer 35

Lyme

Question 36

Give an example of spirochetes

Answer 36

Syphilis

Question 37

What is a chlamydia?

Answer 37

A bacteria with no peptidoglycan, they live in animal cells for protection and nutrients. It is also an STI.

Question 38

Give examples of gram positive bacteria.

Answer 38

Actinomycetes Botulinum

Question 39

What is the importance of cell wall in Bacteria and archaea?

Answer 39

It provides shape and protection and can also add to their disease causing abilities (bacteria)

Question 40

What are archaeal cells made of?

Answer 40

Psuedomurein

Question 41

What are obligate anaerobes?

Answer 41

Prokaryotes that Cannot live where O2 is present.

Question 42

Give an example of obligate anaerobes.

Answer 42

Tetani which causes tetanus (nerve damage)

Question 43

What are facultative anaerobes?

Answer 43

Prokaryotes that can live with or without CO2.

Question 44

Give an example of facultative anaerobes.

Answer 44

E. Coli which infects the gut.

Question 45

What are I obligate aerobes?

Answer 45

Prokaryotes that cannot live without O2.

Question 46

Give an example of obligate aerobes.

Answer 46

M. Tuberculosis which causes lung disease. (TB)

Question 47

An important finding that has improved genetic research is the use of _____ found in thermophiles.

Answer 47

Taq polymerase.

Question 48

Where are Taq polymerase found?

Answer 48

In thermophiles.

Question 49

Prokaryotes usually reproduce by ____.

Answer 49

Binary fission.

Question 50

Name the three methods of prokaryotic recombination.

Answer 50

1) Transformation 2) Conjugation 3) Transduction

Question 51

What is transformation?

Answer 51

Taking DNA from outside environment.

Question 52

What is conjugation?

Answer 52

Two prokaryotes binding together, and one transfer DNA by a structure called a sex pilus.

Question 53

What is transduction.

Answer 53

A virus takes a copy of prokaryotic DNA within it and when it leads it can transfer that DNA.

Question 54

What is the scientific study of disease called?

Answer 54

Pathology.

Question 55

What are exotoxins?

Answer 55

Toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment.

Question 56

What are Endotoxins?

Answer 56

Toxic substances (made of lipids and carbohydrates associated with the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria) only released when they die.

Question 57

What is penicillin?

Answer 57

An antibiotic that blocks the ability to build new cell wall material.

Question 58

What is Tetracycline?

Answer 58

An antibiotic that blocks protein synthesis.

Question 59

How are antibiotics made?

Answer 59

By fungi and bacteria.

Question 60

Why do antibiotics work?

Answer 60

They kill their own kind to prevent competition for recourses.

Question 61

What are antibiotics that kill more than one type of organism called?

Answer 61

Broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Question 62

How can antibiotic resistance happen?

Answer 62

-Over prescription of antibiotics. -Patients not finishing the entire antibiotic course.

Question 63

What are heat loving bacteria called?

Answer 63

Thermophiles.

Question 64

What is bioremediation.

Answer 64

A process in which bacteria is used in recycling.