Chapter 2.3-2.4 Flashcards by David Heiser Jr

inorganic chemistry Molecules that do NOT contain carbon bonded to
hydrogen

Found in living organisms AND in nonliving areas of
ecosystems

Exs. H2O, CO2, O2, ozone (O3)

inorganic molecules

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Molecules bonded to hydrogen & made of a carbon to
carbon skeleton

Only found in living, or once, living organisms

Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Organic molecules are

organic molecules

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What elements do carbon bond with to make up life’s

molecules?

other carbon
atoms AND

hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen,
phosphorus,
sulfur
(CHONPS)

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carbon has \_\_
electrons…two
in the \_\_ 
energy level or
shell and \_\_
valence in the
outermost shell
so…

6, 1st, 4

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Carbon can bond with up to _ other atoms simultaneously

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can form many diverse, large, and complex

shapes with single, double or triple bonds

carbon skeletons

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organic molecules

carbon forms covalent bonds
with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Sometimes a single bond between carbons and
sometimes double or triple bonds.

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group of atoms within a molecule that

interact in predictable ways with other molecules.

functional groups

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Sometimes _ are shown and

sometimes not in structural formulas

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MUST be

shown in structural formulas

Functional groups

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is at the end of the
chain and everywhere it
bends

carbon

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Many carbon-based molecules (_____) are

made of many small subunits bonded together.

macromolecules

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are the individual subunits.

monomers

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are made of many monomers. Larger.

polymers

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Monomers bond together to build

polymers

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Each time a monomer is added to a chain, a water

molecule is released

dehydration reaction

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Each time a monomer is broken from a chain, a water

molecule is added

hydrolysis reaction

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Four main types of organic macromolecules are found

in living things

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

atoms

carbohydrates

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carbohydrate ratio

(Ratio= 1C: 2H: 1O)

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carb ratio example

C6H12O6. C5H10O5

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carb function

Main energy source of cell and for structural purposes
(ex: cell wall & exoskeletons), can breakdown to produce
sugars for immediate energy

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Carbon skeleton shape=

rings

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Functional group of carbs -

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Monomers= simple sugars aka

monosaccharides

Monomers= simple sugars aka monosaccharides

simple sugars like | glucose, galactose, fructose)

Polymers= Complex | carbohydrates such as

disaccharides and polysaccharides

disaccarides ex

(exs lactose, | sucrose, maltose)

polysaccharides

(exs. starch, | cellulose and glycogen)-

glucose-frucose

sucrose

galacose-glucose

lactose

glucose-glucose

maltose

How do they the different groups differ?

number of rings

lipids

Chains containing C,H, and few O, use -COOH group

lipids ex

Exs fats, oils, waxes and steroids (cholesterol)

lipids are

Are hydrophobic: NOT soluble in water

function of lipids

stored energy, make membranes, waterproof | coverings, chemical messengers

MOST lipids have

MOST have straight chain carbon skeletons

Fats and oils contain two monomers:

fatty acids chains | and glycerol.

Monomers called

fatty acids | and glycero

Polymers called

triglycerides and | phospholipids

have different types of fatty acid chains.

fats and oils

(solid at room temp)

saturated fatty acids

(liquid at room temp)

unsaturated fatty acids

water avoiding NOT soluble in water

hydrophobic

hydrophobic ex.

oil, wax, cholesterol

water loving

hydrophillic

hydrophillic ex.

NaCl

is composed of phospholipids

cell membrane

make up all cell membranes.

Phospholipids

“hydrophilic ___”

head

“hydrophobic ____”

tails

are lipid molecules in which the carbon skeleton forms 4 fused rings Vary by functional groups Classified as lipids because they are hydrophobic

steroids

steroid ex.

Exs: cholesterol (found in cell membranes) and sex hormones

Nucleic Acids

DNA RNA

Nucleic Acids Contain

C,H,O,N,P

Shape is a ____ ______(DNA only)

double helix

nucleic acid function

store and transmit hereditary, provide genetic | information, direct protein synthesis

Monomers called

nucleotides

are made of a sugar, phosphate, | group, and a nitrogen base.

nucleotides

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are

polymers

of nucleotide that captures and transfers chemical | energy

ATP type

stores and transmits genetic information.

DNA

uses DNA’s genetic code to go to the ribosome to build proteins

RNA

Chains containing C,H,O,N Contain -NH2 and –COOH groups

PROTEINS:

protein functions

(the shape of proteins determines their function) Control the rate of chemical reactions (enzymes) Regulate cell processes Form cellular structures Cellular transport Help fight disease

Monomers are

amino acids

how many amino acids

differ in their side groups, or R groups

amino acids

What makes amino acids different

, some acidic, some | basic, some polar, some nonpolar, some rings

polymers

are called polypeptides and polypeptides make up | proteins

amino acids are held together by

peptide bonds in | polypeptides

DNA codes for amino acid sequence in a

polypeptide/protein

energy needed to start up a chemical | reaction

activation energy

compound that speed up reactions by | lowering their activation energies

catalysts

proteins that are cellular catalysts

enzymes

reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

substrate

reactant + reactant =

product

“start-up” energy (AKA heat) needed to | make reaction occur

activation energy

are conserved during chemical reactions | so every organism must have energy for reactions

mass and energy

Cells can’t be heated so ____ are needed to “start-up” | chemical reactions in your body

enzymes

Therefore enzymes act as cellular ______ (lowering the activation energy needed for chemical reactions to occur in cells) make slow reactions occur faster

CATALYSTS

Enzymes are reaction specific due to their

unique shapes

Enzymes fit together specifically with

the substrates

groove area where substrates | attach to enzyme

active sites on enzymes

Enzymes cause ________ _______ to occur but do not | change itself so can be reused over and over

chemical reactions

Energy-Absorbing Reaction

Endothermic

Energy-Releasing Reaction

Exothermic

Reactions require energy to occur

Endothermic

Reactions occurs on its own

Exothermic

determines a protein’s shape

order of amino acids

allows the protein to function properly

shape of amino acids

change a protein’s structure and | function

incorrect amino acids

when an unfavorable change causes a protein to unravel and lose its shape (this cannot be reversed

denaturation

Usually denatured with

heat or pH

A ______ protein cannot function

denatured

Ex. denatured protein

scrambled eggs