Chapter 2.3 Flashcards
(37 cards)
What causes sex-linked disorders? Are they recessive or dominant?
- mutations in the gene of the X-chromosome
- most of them are recessively inherited
- > therefore, women inherit less of these sex-linked disorders
- > because they have two sex chromosomes
Why are males termed hemizygous with respect to the X chromosome
-because they have only one copy of each gene on the X chromosome
What is a notable gene on the Y chromosome that initiates testis differentiation
-the SRY gene
What are the two functional parts of the testis
1) seminiferous tubules
2) interstitial cells(of Leydig)
Where are sperm produced in? What are they nourished by?
- sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules
- >they are nourished by the Sertoli cells
What hormone do cells of the Leydig secrete?
- cells of the Leydig produce testosterone
- >they also produce other androgens
Where is the location of the testies? What is the temperature like there in comparison to the rest of the body?
- the testies is located in the scrotum
- >the temperature there is 2 degrees to 4 degrees lower than the body
Where do sperm gain motility? Where do they go for ejaculation?
- sperm gain motility in the vas deferens
- they go to the ejaculatory duct during ejaculation
Where do the two ejaculatory ducts?
- in the urethra
- >it carries the sperm through the penis as they exit the body
What is the role of the seminal vesicles
- contribute fructose to nourish the sperm
- give sperm fluid mildly alkaline properties
- > so it can survive in the vagina
What is the role of the prostate gland
-give sperm fluid mildly alkaline properties
What is the role of the bulbourethral gland
- produces clear viscous fluid
- > cleans out any remnants of urine
- > lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal
What is semen
-a combination of sperm and seminal fluid
Describe the process of spermatogenesis
-it is the formation of haploid sperm through meiosis
- in males diploid sperm are known as spermatogonia
- after replicating their genetic material in the S stage
- > they develop into primary spermatocytes
- first meiotic division results in secondary spermatocytes
- second meiotic division results in haploids called spermatids
- finally spermatids mature to become spermatozoa
What do mature sperm consist of
-they consist of a head, midpiece and a flagellum
What is the midpiece filled with
- it is filled with mitochondria
- >generates energy as the sperm swims through the female reproductive tract
What is each sperm head covered by
- an acrosome
- >is necessary to penetrate the ovum
What is a major difference between the positioning of the female reproductive organs and the male reproductive organs?
- unlike male reproductive system
- >all female reproductive organs are internal
What hormones do the ovaries produce
-the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
Describe where the egg goes after ovulation
- it is released into the peritoneal sac
- > in the abdominal cavity
- it is then drawn into the fallopian tube
- > which is lined with cilia to propel the egg forward
What is the external female anatomy known as
-it is known as the vulva
What kind of oocytes are the oogonia considered to be by birth? What do they develop into after menarche(menstrual cycle)
- by birth
- > all of the oogonia are considered to be primary oocytes
- > these cells are 2n
- > arrested in prophase 1
- develop into secondary oocytes after menarche
- > this is when one primary oocyte completes meiosis 1
- > produces secondary oocyte
- > secondary oocyte remains arrested in metaphase 2
When does the secondary oocyte complete metaphase 2 and finish the remainder of meiosis 2
- the secondary oocyte completes metaphase 2 once fertilization occurs
- > then meiosis 2 is finished
What two layers are the oocyte surrounded by
- surrounded by:
- > zone pellucida
- > corona radiata
