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A&P2 > Chapter 23 and 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 and 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What does GTPAL stand for?

A

Gravidity, term, preterm, abortion and living

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2
Q

What does complete dominance mean?

A

Dominant trait completely masks the recessive trait

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3
Q

What does incomplete dominance mean?

A

Dominant trait doesn’t completely mask the recessive trait but instead slightly reveals it

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4
Q

What does codominance mean?

A

2 dominant traits can both reveal themselves

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5
Q

What type of dominance is shown in this example, red [CrCr] + white [CwCw] flower = pink [CrCw] flower?

A

incomplete dominance

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6
Q

What type of dominance is shown in the example, Brown cow [CbCb] + White cow [CwCw] = A brown and white spotted cow?

A

codominance

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7
Q

What is Naegele rule used for?

A

Predicting a due date

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8
Q

How to use Naegele rule to predict due date?

A

Take LMP and add 7 days, and minus 3 months.

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9
Q

What would the due date be using Naegele rule, LMP 07/21/2022?

A

April 28, 2023

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10
Q

What are punnett squares used for?

A

to predict percentage of offspring with certain alleles

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11
Q

Which chromosomes are considered autosomal?

A

1-22 paired chromosomes

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12
Q

What is a type of autosomal dominant disorder?

A

Huntingtons

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13
Q

What is a autosomal dominant disorder?

A

Offspring will inherit the disorder even if only one allele is inherited because it is dominant

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14
Q

What is a type of autosomal recessive disorder?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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15
Q

How would a autosomal recessive disorder be inherited?

A

Both parents will pass on the gene but most of the time symptoms are not present

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16
Q

What are 2 types of aneuploidy?

A

Euploid and Aneuploid

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17
Q

What does euploid mean?

A

normal # of chromosomes

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18
Q

What does aneuploid mean?

A

chromosomes are either missing or an extra

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of aneuploid?

A

monosomy and trisomy

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20
Q

What is an example of monosomy?

A

Turner’s syndrome (XO) sex chromosome disorder causing webbed neck feature

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21
Q

What is an example of trisomy?

A

Edwards: (18th chromosome)
Pataus: (13th chromosome)
Downs: ( 21st chromosome)

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22
Q

Where do sex chromosome disorders take place?

A

23rd chromosome set

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23
Q

What is another name for superman syndrome?

A

Jacob’s syndorme (XYY) - extra maleness

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24
Q

What is the name for disorder causing XXY?

A

Kleinfelters

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25
What is the name for the disorder causing XXX?
superwoman
26
What is turner's syndrome?
XO, female missing an x chromosome and causing webbed neck features
27
What is polyploidy?
Have entire extra set of chromosomes (69 chromosomes)
28
What is the importance of the corpus luteum?
provides progesterone and some estrogen to help the endometrium to prepare for pregnancy
29
What are the layers of gastrulation?
ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
30
What does the ectoderm form?
Nervous system, some special sensory organs, epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands, linings of mouth and anal canal
31
What does the mesoderm form?
Muscle tissue, bone tissue, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, internal reproductive organs, kidneys and epithelial lining of body cavities
32
What does the endoderm form?
internal organs- pancreas, gallbladder, linings of digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder and urethra
33
What are teratogens?
factors causing malformation during granulation stage
34
How long is the pre-embryonic stage?
fertilization to 2 weeks
35
What occurs in the pre-embryonic stage?
Zygote forms, cleavage stage: blastomere cells divide, morula forms and moves to the uterus, blastocyst attach to the endometrium. Produces hCG which maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy until the placenta forms and takes over hormone production
36
How long is the embryonic stage?
3 weeks to 8 weeks
37
How long is the fetal stage?
9 weeks to birth
38
How many umbilical veins and arteries are there?
1 umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries
39
Who helps bypass the liver in fetal circulation?
Ductus Venosus
40
Where does the ductus arteriosus by pass?
By passes the lungs from the pulmonary trunk
41
Who helps by pass the right ventricle?
Foramen ovale
42
What organ is the first to develop in a fetus?
Heart
43
What are the 4 stages of birth?
1st stage: Baby gets in position with the head down 2nd stage: Amniotic sac ruptures. cervix becomes thin and stretches. uterine and vagina stretching start positive feedback with contractions. Oxytocin is being released 3rd stage: contractions help push the baby out 4th stage: placenta is delivered
44
How long is the neonatal stage?
birth to 4 weeks
45
how long is the infancy stage?
5 weeks to the 1st year
46
how long is the childhood stage?
1 year to before puberty
47
how long is the adolescence stage?
Puberty to adulthood (20s)
48
How long is adulthood?
20s to death
49
What is senescence?
process of growing old, cell division declines
50
What are the 2 dying processes?
preactive and active
51
What is preactive dying?
May take up to 3 months
52
What is active dying?
Showing actual signs of dying.
53
What is growth?
increase in size (increase in cells)
54
What is development?
Getting to one stage from another. (changes in life)
55
What are the 2 stages of development?
Prenatal and postnatal
56
What does the acrosomal cap do?
Helps sperm break down the corona radiata and zona pellucida to fertilize
57
How does implantation occur?
attachment of blastocyst to uterine lining
58
What are genetics?
inheritance of characteristics
59
What are genes?
Specific proteins of DNA sequence
60
What is a genome?
Instructions for a complete set of a genetics (characterics)
61
What is a exome?
Protein coding in genome
62
What is a karyotype?
"blueprint" of chromosomes
63
What is a genotype?
Combination of alleles for particular genes
64
What is a phenotype?
Physical appearance of a trait

A&P2 (4 decks)

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