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Chapter 23 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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2
Q

Diffusion of blood gasses require:

A

thin walls + moist surfaces + rich blood supply

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3
Q

Upper respiratory tract (outside the thorax)

A
  • nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses

- larynx & pharynx

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4
Q

Lower respiratory tract (within the the thorax)

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchial tree, lungs, pleural cavity

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5
Q

vestibule

A

alar cartilages support nostril

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6
Q

anterior septum formed by

A

hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

Nasal cavity purpose

A

to warm & humidify incoming air

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8
Q

Nasal vestibules lined with

A
  • sebaceous & sweat glands

- coarse hairs help filter inspired air

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9
Q

Lung development

A

diverticulum of the gut

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10
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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11
Q

Nasopharynx

A

located: btw internal nares and top of soft palate
- auditory tubes
- pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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12
Q

Soft palate

A

serves as a flap valve btw nasal cavity and pharynx

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13
Q

Oropharynx

A

located: btw soft palate and hyoid bone

- palatine and lingual tonsils

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14
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

located btw hyoid and glottis

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15
Q

Larynx (voice box)

A
  • cylinder w/ cartilage

function: surrounds and protects the glottis and trachea

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16
Q

Laryngeal cartilages: thyroid

A
  • Adam’s apple

- large, shield-shaped

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17
Q

Laryngeal cartilages: cricoid

A
  • medium-sized

- ring-shaped

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18
Q

Laryngeal cartilages: arytenoid

A
  • 2
  • anchor for vocal ligaments
  • triangle-shaped
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19
Q

Laryngeal cartilages: corniculate

A
  • 2
  • anchor for vestibular ligaments
  • small and looks like corn kernels
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20
Q

Laryngeal cartilages: cuneiform

A
  • 2

- stabilize epiglottis from below

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21
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • sheet of elastic cartilage
  • hinged: folds over to cover the glottis
  • valve that diverts food to esophagus (protect airway)
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22
Q

False vocal cords

A

vestibular ligament + vestibular fold

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23
Q

True vocal cords

A

vocal ligament + vocal fold

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24
Q

True vocal cord specifics

A
  • male cords longer than females

- tension and spacing of cords = sound, pitch, volume

25
Trachea (windpipe)
- tough, flexible tube, connect larynx to lungs | - lined w/ respiratory epithelium
26
C-shaped cartilages in trachea
- hyaline cartilage - connected w/ annular ligaments - posterior gap
27
Carina
where trachea divides to form R&L primary bronchi
28
Tracheostomy
surgical opening in trachea to allow passage of air
29
Bronchial tree
- Right is longer & aligned with trachea - degree of compliance increases - cartilage support decreases
30
Secondary bronchi
- lobar - right side: 3 - left side: 2
31
Tertiary bronchi
segmental
32
Bronchial tree organization
- bronchi split into bronchioles - bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles terminate in several alveoli
33
Bronchodilation
sympathetic ANS
34
Bronchoconstriction
parasympathetic ANS
35
Surfactant
- compound that lowers the surface tension btw surface | - EX: detergents, dispersants, wetting agents
36
Alveoli
- site of gas exchange - simple squamous epithelium - very thin walls - vascular
37
What does the elastic fibers in alveoli do?
push air out of segment
38
What produces surfactant in alveoli?
septal cells
39
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
- premature babies don't produce enough surfactant - alveolar walls stick together = alveolar collapse - blue baby
40
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
41
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
42
Components of mediastinum
- heart, aorta, vena cavae, trachea, root of lung | - esophagus, thymus, CN X, phrenic nerves
43
Pleural and Pericardial cavities?
- potential space | - btw parietal and visceral
44
Serous fluid
-surface tension hold membranes together and the lung to the chest cavity
45
Pneumothorax
1. air enters pleural cavity 2. serous fluid can no longer maintain pleural contact 2. lungs collapse
46
Sucking wounds
- elastic tissue draws the lung into a dense lump of tissue | - collapse draws air through open wound
47
Pleural adhesions
-damage to visceral & parietal membranes (smoking, pneumonia) -body confused and grows adhesions btw visceral & parietal layers -painful during deep breaths, body movements
48
Emphysema
- destruction of alveoli - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - loss of surface area for gas exchange = shortness of breath
49
Pulmonary embolism
- blood clot in lungs that block pulmonary blood vessels | - Result: infarction/necrosis
50
Inspiration
-diaphragm contracts (increases volume of thorax) -compresses abdominal contests -pressure decreases (vacuum); air pulled into lungs
51
Forced inspiration
Muscles used to raise rib cage: | external intercostal, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor
52
Expiration
Passive: -elasticity of thoracic wall, alveoli, bronchial tree Result: rebound of abdominal contents
53
Forced expiration
- abdominal wall muscles compress gut - internal intercostal muscles compress rib cage - decreased thoracic volume: air forced out of lungs
54
Respiratory centers
pons + medulla oblongata
55
Mechanoreceptors
lung volume + blood pressure
56
Chemoreceptors
CO2 + O2 + blood in pH
57
cough
reflex to protect respiratory tract
58
respiratory diaphragm
- skeletal muscle | - voluntary control via Phrenic nerve
59
Autonomic nuclei in medulla oblongata
- pacemaker | - involuntary control via Phrenic nerve

Anatomy (12 decks)

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