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Anatomy > Chapter 24 Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gut

A

alimentary canal/gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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2
Q

Endocrine

A

no duct

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3
Q

Exocrine

A

exit

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4
Q

Foregut

A

mouth -> duodenum

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5
Q

Midgut

A

jejunum and ileum

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6
Q

Hindgut

A

colon -> rectum

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7
Q

bolus formation

A

swallow-able mass

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8
Q

Vestibule

A

space btw lips/cheeks & teeth

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9
Q

Gingiva

A

mucosa covering alveolar bone/hard palate

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10
Q

4 tonsils; how many paired salivary glands?

A

3

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11
Q

3 salivary glands:

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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12
Q

Function of saliva

A
  • cleanses teeth, moistens food

- contains enzyme amylase: break down starch

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13
Q

Tongue

A
  • muscular hydrostat=constant volume

- anchored to hyoid and jaw

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14
Q

Tongue too tightly bound to floor of mouth?

A

ankyloglossia

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15
Q

Uvula acts as?

A

sealant

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16
Q

Hairy Tongue (Lingua Villosa)

A
  • hypertrophy of filiform papillae

- Causes: smoking, dry-mouth, oral hygiene

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17
Q

Enamel (crown)

A

hardest substance in body (calcium phosphate)

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18
Q

Dentin (body of tooth)

A

forms roots & encloses the pulp cavity

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19
Q

Endodontic disease

A
  • Root-canal procedure

- Goal: tooth ankylosis

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20
Q

Pulp cavity

A

contains blood vessels & nerves

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21
Q

Periodontal disease

A
  • probe gingival pack

- damage to tooth/alveolus

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22
Q

Incisors

A

1 root, blade-shaped cusp

8

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23
Q

Cuspids

A

1 root, conical pointed cusp

4

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24
Q

Bicuspids

A

1-2 roots, blade-like cusps

8

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25
Q

Molars

A

3-4 roots, large flattened crowns

8-12

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26
Q

Edentulous

A

no teeth

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27
Q

deciduous teeth

A
  • milk/baby teeth (20)
  • no bicuspids
  • erupt @ 6 months to 2yrs
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28
Q

adult teeth

A
  • 28-32

- erupt @ 6-21 years

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29
Q

impacted molars

A

they rotated

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30
Q

How many layers of gut?

A

4

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31
Q

Mucosa

A
  • innermost tunic
  • secretes mucus which protects the lining of gut
  • “pleated” appearance (plicae circularis or rugae)
  • lamina propria (CT) supports overlying epithelium
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32
Q

Submucosa

A
  • exocrine glands: enzyme secretion = digest food
  • highly vascular = absorption of nutrients from food
  • Meissner’s plexus of ANS fibers= controls the secretions of the submucosal glands
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33
Q

Muscularis

A
  • 2 layers (peristalsis)
  • inner layer: circular muscles = decreases diameter > increase in length
  • outer layer: longitudinal muscles = decreases tube length > increases diameter
  • myenteric plexus of ANS fibers = controls peristalsis (directional) and segmentation (mixing) of chyme
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34
Q

Serosa

A
  • outermost layer (serous membrane)

- aka visceral peritoneum

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35
Q

Esophagus

A
  • collapsible muscular tube (2 muscle layers)

- extends from pharynx to stomach through diaphragm

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36
Q

How many layers of muscles in stomach?

A

3

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37
Q

Gastric juices

A

HCL, pepsinogen/pepsin, rennin

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38
Q

Mucous

A

protects walls from gastric juices

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39
Q

GERD

A

Gastro-Esophageal reflux disease

40
Q

Small intestine mucosa

A
  • more elaborate than gastric
  • pleated (plicae circularis) w/ villi: increase SA
  • columnar epithelium
41
Q

Duodenum

A
  • mixing bowl (chyme)
  • submucosal glands produce mucus + buffers
  • hepatopancreatic sphincter & duodenal papilla
42
Q

Jejunum

A

majority of digestion & absorption

43
Q

Ileum

A

final digestion, absorption, GALT

44
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

controls flow of chyme into cecum

45
Q

Large Intestine (colon)

A
  • devoted to dehydration/compaction of chyme > feces

- smaller than small intestine

46
Q

How many sections of large intestine?

A
  • 5

- cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

47
Q

Cecum

A

chyme enters cecum @ ileocecal valve

48
Q

Hepatic flexure

A
  • right colic

- under liver

49
Q

Splenic flexure

A
  • left colic

- under spleen

50
Q

Sigmoid

A

s-shaped bend to pass down into pelvis

51
Q

Haustra

A

pouches formed by colon musculature

52
Q

Taenia coli

A

3 longitudinal ‘ribbons’ of muscle

53
Q

Clostridium difficile

A
  • fecal transplant

- restores microbiome

54
Q

What innervates ascending and transverse colon?

A

vagus nerve

55
Q

What innervates descending and sigmoid colon?

A

pudendal nerve

56
Q

Appendix

A

blind pocket, minor lymphoid function

57
Q

Diverticula

A

out-pocketing of colon wall (BV’s)

58
Q

Diverticulosis

A

presence

59
Q

Diverticulitis

A

problem

60
Q

epiploic appendages

A

fat associated w. colon

61
Q

Rectum

A
  • feces enter = urge to defecate

- epithelium keratinized - abrasion-resistant

62
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

ANS

63
Q

External anal sphincter

A

voluntary control

64
Q

Ileostomy/colostomy

A
  • resection of a portion of the gut

- proximal end attached to a surgical stoma (mouth) in the body wall

65
Q

Liver

A
  • largest organ in body

- large blood reservoir

66
Q

Liver functions

A
  • metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids
  • stores vitamins & minerals
  • detoxify/remove waste products
  • inactivate/removes various drugs & hormones
  • produce bile
67
Q

How does bile break down lipids?

A

emulsifies (chops up)

68
Q

Hepatic Triad

A

Bile duct, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery

69
Q

Lesser omentum

A
  • Portal v. and Hepatic a.

- common bile duct

70
Q

Vasculature of liver

A
  • hepatic artery (celiac trunk)
  • hepatic vein (returning to IVC)
  • hepatic portal vein
71
Q

Gall Bladder

A

stores bile

72
Q

Bile pathway

A

Liver > ducts > H-P sphincter > duodenum

73
Q

H-P sphincter close?

A
  • bile backs-up into common bile duct > cystic duct

- gall bladder stores the bile for later use

74
Q

Cholecystitis

A

inflammation of gallbladder

75
Q

Cholelithiasis

A
  • presence of gallstones in gallbladder

- layers added when bile enters

76
Q

Cirrhosis (hepatitis)

A

-destruction of hepatocytes due to:

exposure to drugs, viral infection, blockage of hepatic ducts

77
Q

Hepatic Portal Hypertension

A
  • if blood cannot drain, it finds alternate routes
  • backflow via portocaval anastomoses
  • metabolites damage brain & other organs
78
Q

Pancreas

A
  • btw stomach & duodenum
  • drains to HPV
  • mostly exocrine ducts
79
Q

Endocrine secretions of pancreas

A

glucagon and insulin

80
Q

glucagon

A

raises glucose levels in the blood

81
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood glucose levels

82
Q

Exocrine secretions of pancreas

A

Enzymes: proteinases, lipases, nucleases

degrades materials

83
Q

Endocrine Secretions >

A

Hepatic Portal System

84
Q

Exocrine secretions >

A

pancreatic duct > duodenum

85
Q

Mesentery

A
  • durable, double layer
  • suspends GI tract from walls of the cavity
  • supports/protects NAVL
  • abrasion resistant
86
Q

Mesentery Proper

A

encloses the jejunum and ileum

87
Q

Duodenum position?

A

secondarily retroperitoneal

88
Q

Mesocolon

A

suspends transverse and sigmoid colon

89
Q

Asc/desc colon position?

A

secondarily retroperitoneal

90
Q

Lesser omentum location

A

between stomach and liver

91
Q

Greter omentum (policeman)

A
  • extends from greater curvature of stomach
  • fat storage & localization of infection
  • 4 serous membranes
92
Q

Coronary ligament

A

suspends liver from diaphragm

93
Q

falciform ligament

A

btw liver & abdominal wall

*contains ligamentum venosum

94
Q

Mesogaster (greater omentum) provided blood by?

A

celiac trunk

95
Q

Mesentery provided blood by?

A

superior mesenteric artery

96
Q

Mesocolon provided blood by?

A

Inferior Mesenteric artery

Anatomy (12 decks)

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