Chapter 24: Clinical Dehydration and Edema

Question 1

Clinical Dehydration

Answer 1

• combination of 2 fluid disorders
• Extracellular volume deficit
• Hypernatremia
• too small a volume of fluid in the extracellular compartment and too concentrated body fluids

Question 2

Etiology of Clinical Dehydration

Answer 2

• vomiting
• diarrhea
• knowledge deficit about salt and fluid replacement

Question 3

Clinical Manifestations of Clinical Dehydration

Answer 3

• postural blood pressure decrease with concurrent increased heart rate
• Lightheadedness, dizziness, or syncope on standing
• Flat neck veins when supine or neck veins that collapse during inspiration
• sunken fontanel (infants)
• Rapid, thready pulse
• sudden weight loss
• decreased skin turgor
• Dryness of oral mucous membranes
• hard stools
• soft, sunken eyeballs
• longitudinal furrows in the tongue
• thirst
• increased serum sodium concentration
• confusion, lethargy
• hypovolemic shock
• oliguria (low urine output)

Question 4

Edema

Answer 4

• Excess fluid in interstitial compartment
• may be a manifestation of excess extracellular fluid volume
• increased capillary hydrostatic pressure: too much volume; from inflammation
• Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure: inflammation causes protein to leak out from vascular permeability
• blockage of lymphatic drainage: lymphedema; frequently localized
• decreased capillary osmotic pressure: plasma proteins decreased; extensive edema