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Massage Therapy > Chapter 24 - Endocrine System and Pathologies > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Endocrine System and Pathologies Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous and endocrine system can be referred as

A

neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

study of the endocrine system

A

endocrinology

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3
Q

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and are ductless glands

A

endocrine glands

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4
Q

secrete the products into ducts that open to body cavities, center of a hollow organ, or onto the surface of the body

A

exocrine glands

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5
Q

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes –> what type of glands of the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands

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6
Q

sudoferous glands, sebaceous glands, salivary glands –> what type of glands of the endocrine system?

A

exocrine glands

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7
Q

hormone production/secretion, metabolism regulation, stress adaptation, chemical composition/fluid volume regulation, and reproductive process regulation –> functions of what system?

A

endocrine system

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8
Q

chemical messengers that regulate physiologic activity of other cells

A

hormones

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9
Q

possess receptors for the corresponding hormone

A

target cells

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10
Q

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones, especially cortisol
which hormone?
which gland?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
anterior pituitary

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11
Q

maintains sodium levels
which hormone?
which gland?

A

aldosterone
adrenal cortex

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12
Q

decreases urine production and raises BP
which hormone?
which gland?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
posterior pituitary

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13
Q

decreases blood calcium levels
which hormone?
which gland?

A

calcitonin (CT)
thyroid

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14
Q

helps ensure glucose, lipids, and amino acids are available for energy during times of stress
which hormone?
which gland?

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)
adrenal cortex

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15
Q

enhances and prolongs sympathetic arousal
which hormone?
which gland?

A

epinephrine
adrenal medulla

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16
Q

development of female secondary sex characteristics
which hormone?
which gland?

A

estrogens
ovaries

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17
Q

females - stimulates estrogen production and ovarian follicle development
males - stimulates sperm production

which hormone?
which gland?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
anterior pituitary

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18
Q

increases blood glucose levels
which hormone?
which gland?

A

glucagon
pancreas (alpha cells)

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19
Q

stimulates protein synthesis for muscle and bone growth, maintenance, and repair
which hormone?
which gland?

A

growth hormone (GH)
anterior pituitary

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20
Q

decreases blood glucose levels
which hormone?
which gland?

A

insulin
pancreas (beta cells)

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21
Q

females - stimulates the release of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and development of the corpus luteum
males - stimulates testosterone production
which hormone?
which gland?

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)
anterior pituitary

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22
Q

increases skin pigmentation
which hormone?
which gland?

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
intermediate pituitary

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23
Q

controls biorhythms or body’s 24-hour cycle
which hormone?
which gland?

A

melatonin
pineal

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24
Q

enhances and prolongs sympathetic arousal
which hormone?
which gland?

A

norepinephrine
adrenal medulla

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25
stimulates uterine contractions and milk expression from mammary glands which hormone? which gland?
oxytocin posterior pituitary
26
increases blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone parathryoids
27
maintains the uterine lining for implantation and pregnancy
progesterone ovaries and placenta
28
stimulates milk production from mammary glands
prolactin anterior pituitary
29
regulates metabolism
T3 + T4 thyroid
30
promotes male secondary sex characteristics, libido, and sperm production
testosterone testes
31
stimulates T-cell maturation
thymopoietin and thymosin thymus
32
stimulates the thyroid to synthesize and secrete its hormones
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) anterior pituitary
33
local hormones produced by many tissues and act on nearby cells
prostaglandins
34
response of an endocrine gland to a stimulus that moves hormone levels in the opposite (negative) direction
negative feedback
35
hormonal release from another endocrine gland
hormonal regulation
36
hormones that stimulate the activity of other endocrine glands
tropic hormones
37
hormone release stimulated by nerve impulses
neural regulation
38
located in diencephalon and secretes that stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary hormones
hypothalamus
39
located in the diencephalon region and lies in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
pituitary gland
40
a stalk like structure that extends from the hypothalamus
infundibulum
41
allows hypothalamic hormones to travel directly to the anterior pituitary without traveling through the systemic circuit of blood flow
anterior lobe or adenohypophysis
42
how is the anterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus?
hypophyseal portal system
43
communicates with the hypothalamus by nerve impulses and regulates hormonal activity
posterior lobe = neurohypophysis
44
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete its hormones, especially cortisol which hormone? which gland?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) anterior pituitary
45
stimulates protein synthesis for muscle and bone growth, maintenance, and repair which hormone? which gland?
growth hormone (GH) anterior pituitary
46
stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones, especially thyroxine which hormone? which gland?
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) anterior pituitary
47
females --> stimulates estrogen production and development of ovarian follicles males --> stimulates testosterone production and sperm production in the testes which hormone? which gland?
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) anterior pituitary
48
females --> stimulates the release of estrogens and progesterone ovulation, and development of the corpus luteum within the ovaries males --> stimulates testosterone production within the testes which hormone? which gland?
luteinizing hormone (LH) anterior pituitary
49
FSH and LH are collectively called ____?
gonadotropins
50
promotes lactation or milk production in the mammary glands located in the breasts which hormone? which gland?
prolactin anterior pituitary
51
increases melanin production and hyperpigmentation which hormone? which gland?
melanocyte-stimulating hormone anterior pituitary
52
decreases urine production by stimulating the kidneys to absorb more water which hormone? which gland?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) posterior pituitary
53
stimulates uterine contractions in pregnancy, labor, and delivery which hormone? which gland?
oxytocin (OT) posterior pituitary
54
small pine nut-shaped structure located behind the pituitary gland between the two cerebral hemispheres int he diencephalon region
pineal gland
55
regulate other hormones and maintain the body's circadian rhythm which hormone? which gland?
melatonin
56
located inferior to the larynx and anterolateral to the trachea
thyroid
57
how is the two lobes of the thyroid connected by?
isthmus
58
regulate metabolism, growth, and development which hormone? which gland?
T3 and T4 thyroid gland
59
T3 and T4 collectively called ___?
thyroid hormones (TH)
60
decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoblastic activity which hormone? which gland?
calcitonin (CT) thyroid hormones
61
located on the posterolateral surfaces of the thyroid lobes
parathyroids
62
hormones that increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclastic activity
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
63
located superior to each kidney
adrenals
64
outer region of the adrenal glands
adrenal cortex
65
which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids
outer zone
66
which zone of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids
middle zone
67
which zone of the adrenal cortex produces gonadocorticoids
inner zone
68
hormone that activates antistress and anti-inflammatory pathways
cortisol
69
hormone that stabilizes blood pressure, conserves sodium, excretes potassium, and increases water retention
aldosterone
70
the inner region of the adrenal gland
adrenal medulla
71
2 types of medullary hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
72
epinephrine and norepinephrine are called ____?
neurohormones
73
enhances and prolongs the physiologic effects of stress
epinephrine and norepinephrine
74
specialized cells secreted by endocrine functions
pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans
75
3 types of pancreatic cells
alpha beta delta
76
pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon
alpha cells
77
pancreatic cells that secrete insulin
beta cells
78
pancreatic cells that secrete somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptides
delta cells
79
hormone that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the releases of glycogen from the liver
glucagon
80
hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver, skeletal muscle, and fat cells to absorb glucose from the blood
insulin
81
almond-shaped glands located in the abdominopelvic region of the female body
ovaries
82
secrete progesterone and estrogen
ovaries
83
hormone that facilitates sexual reproduction and childbirth
relaxin
84
hormone that suppresses the secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary after ovulation
inhibin
85
hormone that is responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics
estrogen
86
a pregnancy-promoting hormone that maintains the endometrium and inhibits uterine contractions
progesterone
87
oval glands located in the male scrotum
testes
88
scattered between testicular tubules
interstitial cells of Leydig
89
main testicular hormone
testosterone
90
hormone that stimulates sperm production and is the responsible for development of male secondary sex characteristics
testosterone
91
stimulates the production of RBCs in bone marrow which hormone? which organ?
erythropoietin (EPO) kidneys
92
increases blood pressure by restoring pressure needed to filter blood which hormone? which organ?
resin kidneys
93
stimulates the development of T cell which hormone? which organ?
thymosin thymus
94
stimulates lymphocyte production (B cells and T cells differentiation) which hormone? which organ?
thymopoietin thymus
95
donut-shaped gland that lies beneath the male urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra
prostate
96
flattened organ located in the pregnant uterus that secretes estrogens and progesterone
placenta
97
indicates pregnancy and may have an anti-antibody effect by decreasing lymphocyte activity which hormone? which organ?
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) placenta
98
promote growth of the mammary glands within the breasts in preparation for lactation which hormone? where is it located?
placental lactogens placenta
99
facilitates relaxation of the uterine wall to reduce the risk of this hormone to help the cervix relax and dilate which hormone? where is it located?
relaxin placenta
100
initiates the secretion of gastic juices which hormone? where is it located?
gastrin GI mucosa
101
stimulates bile and pancreatic enzyme emissions into the small intestines which hormone? where is it located?
cholecystokinin GI mucosa
102
stimulates pancreas to secrete an alkaline liquid that neutralizes acidic chyme which hormone? where is it located?
secretin GI mucosa
103
stimulates appetite and known as the "hunger hormone" which hormone? where is it located?
ghrelin GI mucosa
104
inhibits gastric secretion and potentials the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose levels which hormone? where is it located?
gastric inhibitory polypeptide GI mucosa
105
fat cells
adipocytes
106
plays in metabolism and energy regulation by inhibiting hunger which hormone? produced by?
leptin adipocytes
107
increases blood sugar levels by causing body tissues less sensitive to insulin which hormone? produced by?
resistin adipocytes
108
when the pressure-sensitive receptors in the atrium become overstretched, a hormone triggers the kidneys to increase urine production and decrease blood pressure. which hormone? which organ?
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) heart
109
group of diseases characterized by chronic elevated blood glucose levels and disturbances in protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism
diabetes mellitus
110
pancreatic beta cells are damaged or destroyed, which creates a lack of insulin
diabetes mellitus type 1
111
pancreatic beta cells produce insulin but the cells are resistant to it
diabetes mellitus type 2
112
an enlargement of the thyroid gland that may occur in puberty or during pregnancy
goiter
113
how should you massage individuals with goiter
avoid pressure over the anterior neck
114
underactive thyroid gland leading to a thyroid hormone deficiency
Hashimoto disease
115
how should you massage individuals with Hashimoto disease?
avoid pressure over anterior neck frail clients --> fewer changes in body positions and less pressure and slower speed robust clients --> no change use emollient lubricant for dry skin

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