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bio II exam 3 > chapter 24: flowering plants - structure and organization > Flashcards

chapter 24: flowering plants - structure and organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are meristem cells?

A

Undifferentiated embryonic tissue in the active growth regions of plants

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2
Q

what are apical meristem?

A

masses of cells in root & shoot that reproduce & elongate as primary growth occurs

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3
Q

what are the three types of apical meristem?

A

protoderm, ground, and procambium meristem

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4
Q

what does protoderm meristem give rise to

A

epidermal tissue

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5
Q

what is epidermal tissue

A

forms the outer protective covering of the plant
-has specialization

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6
Q

what does ground meristem give rise to

A

ground tissue

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7
Q

what is ground tissue

A

fills the interior of the plant

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8
Q

what does procambium meristem give rise to

A

vascular tissue

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9
Q

what is vascular tissue

A

transports water and nutrients within the plant and provides support

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10
Q

what is intercalary meristem

A

In some monocots plants, meristem tissue found at the node (bottom) instead of at the tip

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11
Q

what is vascular cambium

A

lateral meristem that produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem
increases width of plant

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12
Q

what is cork cambium

A

lateral meristem that produces cork (wood)

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13
Q

what is the epidermis (epidermal tissue)

A

tissue that covers roots, leaves, and stems of nonwoody or young woody plants

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14
Q

what is a cuticle (epidermal tissue)

A

Waxy layer covering epidermis of plants that protects against water loss & disease-causing organisms

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15
Q

what are root hairs (epidermal tissue)

A

Extension of root epidermal cell increases surface area for absorption of water & minerals; anchor plant to various substrates

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16
Q

what are trichomes (epidermal tissue)

A

-extension of above-ground epidermal cells
-protect against sun, creates own shade
-protect against animals/humans

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17
Q

what are stomata (epidermal tissue)

A

-Small openings between two guard cells through which gases pass
-regulate amount of gas and water exchanged from the plant to its environment

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18
Q

what is cork (epidermal tissue)

A

-outer covering of the bark of trees; made of dead cells that may be sloughed off at maturity
-New cork cells made by cork cambium

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19
Q

what is the periderm (epidermal tissue)

A

entire cork area of a plant

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20
Q

what is xylem (vascular tissue)

A

-transports water & minerals from roots to leaves
-works against gravity, water from ground to plant

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21
Q

what is phloem (vascular tissue)

A

transports sucrose & other organic compounds usually from leaves to roots (can also transports root to leaves)

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22
Q

what are parenchyma cells (ground tissue)

A

-least specialized
-most abundant
-found in every organ system of plants
-still can divide after cellular differentiation, allowing them to be divide into more specialized cells
-many contain chloroplasts, however some get modified to a colorless plastid for storage
-not densely packed together, things need to be moved between

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23
Q

what are collenchyma cells (ground tissue)

A

-much thicker cell wall
-much tighter packed and often found in bundles
-provide support, still flexible
-top of stem

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24
Q

what are sclerenchyma cells?

A

-secondary cell wall, encrusted with lignin, highly resistant to organic substances
-most become nonliving at maturity
-woody plants/cork plants
-found at bases (stem)

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25
Q

what are xylem vessels

A

-one way only
-water and minerals
-no end walls between cells
-thick walls stiffened with lignin

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26
Q

what are phloem vessels

A

-two way flow
-water and food (sucrose)
-cells have end walls with perforations

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27
Q

what is included in shoot systems?

A

stems and leaves

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28
Q

what is included in roots and root systems

A

-anchor plant, absorb water & minerals, store products of photosynthesis, & produce hormones that stimulate stem growth
-consists of roots

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29
Q

what are terminal buds

A

where stem elongates & produces new leaves.

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30
Q

what are lateral or axillary buds

A

may produce new branches or flowers.

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31
Q

what are stems

A

main axis of a plant & supports leaves & transports water/nutrients throughout plant

32
Q

what are nodes

A

point of attachment of a leaf

33
Q

what are internodes

A

region between nodes

34
Q

what are leaves

A

major photosynthetic organs of plants

35
Q

what does the variation of organs and organ systems depend on

A

Depends on number of cotyledons (embroyinc seed leaves)
Monocots one & eudicots two

36
Q

what are annual plants

A

plant living only one year or season
-good at seed dispersal

37
Q

what are perennial plants

A

Flowering plant that lives more than one growing season because underground parts regrow each season

38
Q

what are the functions of roots

A

-Anchors, support, absorbs water & minerals
-Produce hormones that stimulate cell growth
-Store products of photosynthesis

39
Q

what is the zone of cell division (eudicot root)

A

High level of mitotic division; primary meristems continuously provide cells to zone of elongation.

40
Q

what is the zone of elongation (eudicot root)

A

cells lengthen as they begin to differentiate

41
Q

what is the zone of maturation (eudicot root)

A

fully differentiated cells; recognizable by root hairs

42
Q

what is the epidermis (eudicot root)

A

outer layer of root consisting of single layer of cells; lacks cuticle

43
Q

what is the cortex (eudicot)

A

ground tissue bounded by epidermis & vascular tissue
-parenchyma cells

44
Q

what is the endodermis (eudicot)

A

internal plant root tissue forming a boundary between cortex & vascular cylinder

45
Q

what is the pericycle (eudicot)

A

outer layer of cells in vascular cylinder

46
Q

how will these appear in a monocot?
-seed
-root
-stem
-leaf
-flower

A

-one cotyledon in seed
-root xylem and phloem in a ring
-vascular bundles scattered in stem
-leaf veins form a parallel pattern
-flower parts in threes and multiples of three

47
Q

how will these appear in a eudicot?
-seed
-root
-stem
-leaf
-flower

A

-two cotyledons in seed
-root phloem between arms of xylem
-vascular bundles in a distinct ring
-leaf veins form a net pattern
-flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples

48
Q

how are monocot roots organzied

A

-Ground tissue of a monocot root pith (parenchyma tissue in the center of some stems & roots) is centrally located & surrounded by vascular ring composed of alternating xylem and phloem bundles
-Pericycle, endodermis, cortex, & epidermis

49
Q

what is taproot

A

Main axis of a root that penetrates deeply & is used by certain plants for food storage; mostly eudicots

50
Q

what is fibrous root

A

Mass of similarly sized roots that cling to the soil; mostly monocots

51
Q

how is the terminal bud organized?

A

-contains shoot tip protected by modified leaves called bud scales
-Apical meristem at shoot tip produces new cells; increase height of stem
-Protected within terminal bud where immature leaves protect it

52
Q

protoderm produces what

A

epidermis

53
Q

ground meristem produces what

A

pith and cortex

54
Q

procambium produces what

A

primary xylem, primary phloem, vascular cambium

55
Q

characteristics of herbaceous stems

A

-Exhibit mostly primary growth
-Outermost tissue epidermis covered by cuticle
-Eudicots vascular bundles arranged in ring
-Monocots vascular bundles are scattered throughout stem

56
Q

characteristics of woody stems

A

-primary and secondary tissues
-increase width of trunk, stems, branches, and roots
-Primary tissue: new tissues formed each year from primary meristem
-Secondary tissue: develop during first & subsequent year of growth from lateral meristems
-Forms vascular cambium & cork cambium

57
Q

what is the vascular cambium

A

-Develops to form ring of meristem that divides parallel surface of plant
-Produces new xylem toward inside & phloem towards outside yearly basis

58
Q

what is bark

A

-Cork, cork cambium, cortex, & phloem
-New phloem produced each year; doesn’t build up the same way as xylem
-Cork cambium first begins to divide produces tissue that disrupts epidermis & replaces it with cork cells

59
Q

what is wood

A

secondary xylem that builds up year after year

60
Q

what is the annual ring

A

layer of wood (secondary xylem) usually produced during one growing season

61
Q

what is heartwood

A

inner annual rings plugged with deposits to inhibit growth of bacteria & fungi; support tree

62
Q

what is sapwood

A

outer annual rings where transport occurs

63
Q

what are evergreens

A

plants that bear leaves the entire year

64
Q

what are deciduous plants

A

plants that lose all their leaves at the end of their growing season

65
Q

what is blade

A

Wide portion of a foliage leaf is called

66
Q

what is petiole

A

stalk that attaches blade to stem

67
Q

what is mesophyll

A

Inner, thickest layer of a plant leaf consisting of palisade and spongy mesophyll; site of most photosynthesis

68
Q

what is palisade mesophyll

A

layer of tissue in a plant leaf containing elongated cells with many chloroplasts

69
Q

what is spongy mesophyll

A

layer of tissue in plant leaf containing loosely packed cells, increasing the amount of surface area for gas exchange

70
Q

what are some characteristics of leaf diversity

A

-Blade can be simple or compound
-Arranged on a stem in three ways: alternate, opposite, or whorled

71
Q

The meristems that arise from the apical meristem include all of the following except
a.
Procambrium

b.
Epidermis

c.
Ground meristem

d.
Protoderm

A

b.
Epidermis

72
Q

Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients and sugars from the leaves to the roots is
a.
Sclerenchyma

b.
Phloem

c.
Periderm

d.
Cambium

e.
Xylem

A

b.
Phloem

73
Q

Which of the following statements is not correct about the arrangement of tissues in the eudicot root?
a.
The epidermis of the root has no cuticle on its outer surface, unlike other epidermal tissues

b.
The specialized root tissues are seen at the zone of maturation

c.
The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem

d.
The pericycle is the outer layer of cells in the vascular cylinder, with the ability to form branch roots

A

c.
The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem

74
Q

If this structure were nibbled off by browsing deer, it would decrease the potential for an increase in height of the plant.
a.
The terminal bud

b.
The stem

c.
The bark

d.
The axillary bud

e.
The leaf scar

A

a.
The terminal bud

75
Q

In large woody plants, the wood is essentially made of _____ and the bark is essentially made of _____
a.
vascular tissue; epidermal tissue

b.
the cortex; the epidermis

c.
pith; collenchyma

d.
xylem; phloem and cork

A

d.
xylem; phloem and cork

bio II exam 3 (5 decks)

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