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bio II exam 3 > chapter 24: flowering plants - structure and organization > Flashcards

chapter 24: flowering plants - structure and organization Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are meristem cells?

A

Undifferentiated embryonic tissue in the active growth regions of plants

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2
Q

what are apical meristem?

A

masses of cells in root & shoot that reproduce & elongate as primary growth occurs

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3
Q

what are the three types of apical meristem?

A

protoderm, ground, and procambium meristem

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4
Q

what does protoderm meristem give rise to

A

epidermal tissue

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5
Q

what is epidermal tissue

A

forms the outer protective covering of the plant
-has specialization

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6
Q

what does ground meristem give rise to

A

ground tissue

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7
Q

what is ground tissue

A

fills the interior of the plant

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8
Q

what does procambium meristem give rise to

A

vascular tissue

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9
Q

what is vascular tissue

A

transports water and nutrients within the plant and provides support

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10
Q

what is intercalary meristem

A

In some monocots plants, meristem tissue found at the node (bottom) instead of at the tip

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11
Q

what is vascular cambium

A

lateral meristem that produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem
increases width of plant

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12
Q

what is cork cambium

A

lateral meristem that produces cork (wood)

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13
Q

what is the epidermis (epidermal tissue)

A

tissue that covers roots, leaves, and stems of nonwoody or young woody plants

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14
Q

what is a cuticle (epidermal tissue)

A

Waxy layer covering epidermis of plants that protects against water loss & disease-causing organisms

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15
Q

what are root hairs (epidermal tissue)

A

Extension of root epidermal cell increases surface area for absorption of water & minerals; anchor plant to various substrates

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16
Q

what are trichomes (epidermal tissue)

A

-extension of above-ground epidermal cells
-protect against sun, creates own shade
-protect against animals/humans

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17
Q

what are stomata (epidermal tissue)

A

-Small openings between two guard cells through which gases pass
-regulate amount of gas and water exchanged from the plant to its environment

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18
Q

what is cork (epidermal tissue)

A

-outer covering of the bark of trees; made of dead cells that may be sloughed off at maturity
-New cork cells made by cork cambium

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19
Q

what is the periderm (epidermal tissue)

A

entire cork area of a plant

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20
Q

what is xylem (vascular tissue)

A

-transports water & minerals from roots to leaves
-works against gravity, water from ground to plant

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21
Q

what is phloem (vascular tissue)

A

transports sucrose & other organic compounds usually from leaves to roots (can also transports root to leaves)

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22
Q

what are parenchyma cells (ground tissue)

A

-least specialized
-most abundant
-found in every organ system of plants
-still can divide after cellular differentiation, allowing them to be divide into more specialized cells
-many contain chloroplasts, however some get modified to a colorless plastid for storage
-not densely packed together, things need to be moved between

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23
Q

what are collenchyma cells (ground tissue)

A

-much thicker cell wall
-much tighter packed and often found in bundles
-provide support, still flexible
-top of stem

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24
Q

what are sclerenchyma cells?

A

-secondary cell wall, encrusted with lignin, highly resistant to organic substances
-most become nonliving at maturity
-woody plants/cork plants
-found at bases (stem)

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25
what are xylem vessels
-one way only -water and minerals -no end walls between cells -thick walls stiffened with lignin
26
what are phloem vessels
-two way flow -water and food (sucrose) -cells have end walls with perforations
27
what is included in shoot systems?
stems and leaves
28
what is included in roots and root systems
-anchor plant, absorb water & minerals, store products of photosynthesis, & produce hormones that stimulate stem growth -consists of roots
29
what are terminal buds
where stem elongates & produces new leaves.
30
what are lateral or axillary buds
may produce new branches or flowers.
31
what are stems
main axis of a plant & supports leaves & transports water/nutrients throughout plant
32
what are nodes
point of attachment of a leaf
33
what are internodes
region between nodes
34
what are leaves
major photosynthetic organs of plants
35
what does the variation of organs and organ systems depend on
Depends on number of cotyledons (embroyinc seed leaves) Monocots one & eudicots two
36
what are annual plants
plant living only one year or season -good at seed dispersal
37
what are perennial plants
Flowering plant that lives more than one growing season because underground parts regrow each season
38
what are the functions of roots
-Anchors, support, absorbs water & minerals -Produce hormones that stimulate cell growth -Store products of photosynthesis
39
what is the zone of cell division (eudicot root)
High level of mitotic division; primary meristems continuously provide cells to zone of elongation.
40
what is the zone of elongation (eudicot root)
cells lengthen as they begin to differentiate
41
what is the zone of maturation (eudicot root)
fully differentiated cells; recognizable by root hairs
42
what is the epidermis (eudicot root)
outer layer of root consisting of single layer of cells; lacks cuticle
43
what is the cortex (eudicot)
ground tissue bounded by epidermis & vascular tissue -parenchyma cells
44
what is the endodermis (eudicot)
internal plant root tissue forming a boundary between cortex & vascular cylinder
45
what is the pericycle (eudicot)
outer layer of cells in vascular cylinder
46
how will these appear in a monocot? -seed -root -stem -leaf -flower
-one cotyledon in seed -root xylem and phloem in a ring -vascular bundles scattered in stem -leaf veins form a parallel pattern -flower parts in threes and multiples of three
47
how will these appear in a eudicot? -seed -root -stem -leaf -flower
-two cotyledons in seed -root phloem between arms of xylem -vascular bundles in a distinct ring -leaf veins form a net pattern -flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples
48
how are monocot roots organzied
-Ground tissue of a monocot root pith (parenchyma tissue in the center of some stems & roots) is centrally located & surrounded by vascular ring composed of alternating xylem and phloem bundles -Pericycle, endodermis, cortex, & epidermis
49
what is taproot
Main axis of a root that penetrates deeply & is used by certain plants for food storage; mostly eudicots
50
what is fibrous root
Mass of similarly sized roots that cling to the soil; mostly monocots
51
how is the terminal bud organized?
-contains shoot tip protected by modified leaves called bud scales -Apical meristem at shoot tip produces new cells; increase height of stem -Protected within terminal bud where immature leaves protect it
52
protoderm produces what
epidermis
53
ground meristem produces what
pith and cortex
54
procambium produces what
primary xylem, primary phloem, vascular cambium
55
characteristics of herbaceous stems
-Exhibit mostly primary growth -Outermost tissue epidermis covered by cuticle -Eudicots vascular bundles arranged in ring -Monocots vascular bundles are scattered throughout stem
56
characteristics of woody stems
-primary and secondary tissues -increase width of trunk, stems, branches, and roots -Primary tissue: new tissues formed each year from primary meristem -Secondary tissue: develop during first & subsequent year of growth from lateral meristems -Forms vascular cambium & cork cambium
57
what is the vascular cambium
-Develops to form ring of meristem that divides parallel surface of plant -Produces new xylem toward inside & phloem towards outside yearly basis
58
what is bark
-Cork, cork cambium, cortex, & phloem -New phloem produced each year; doesn’t build up the same way as xylem -Cork cambium first begins to divide produces tissue that disrupts epidermis & replaces it with cork cells
59
what is wood
secondary xylem that builds up year after year
60
what is the annual ring
layer of wood (secondary xylem) usually produced during one growing season
61
what is heartwood
inner annual rings plugged with deposits to inhibit growth of bacteria & fungi; support tree
62
what is sapwood
outer annual rings where transport occurs
63
what are evergreens
plants that bear leaves the entire year
64
what are deciduous plants
plants that lose all their leaves at the end of their growing season
65
what is blade
Wide portion of a foliage leaf is called
66
what is petiole
stalk that attaches blade to stem
67
what is mesophyll
Inner, thickest layer of a plant leaf consisting of palisade and spongy mesophyll; site of most photosynthesis
68
what is palisade mesophyll
layer of tissue in a plant leaf containing elongated cells with many chloroplasts
69
what is spongy mesophyll
layer of tissue in plant leaf containing loosely packed cells, increasing the amount of surface area for gas exchange
70
what are some characteristics of leaf diversity
-Blade can be simple or compound -Arranged on a stem in three ways: alternate, opposite, or whorled
71
The meristems that arise from the apical meristem include all of the following except a. Procambrium b. Epidermis c. Ground meristem d. Protoderm
b. Epidermis
72
Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients and sugars from the leaves to the roots is a. Sclerenchyma b. Phloem c. Periderm d. Cambium e. Xylem
b. Phloem
73
Which of the following statements is not correct about the arrangement of tissues in the eudicot root? a. The epidermis of the root has no cuticle on its outer surface, unlike other epidermal tissues b. The specialized root tissues are seen at the zone of maturation c. The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem d. The pericycle is the outer layer of cells in the vascular cylinder, with the ability to form branch roots
c. The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem
74
If this structure were nibbled off by browsing deer, it would decrease the potential for an increase in height of the plant. a. The terminal bud b. The stem c. The bark d. The axillary bud e. The leaf scar
a. The terminal bud
75
In large woody plants, the wood is essentially made of _____ and the bark is essentially made of _____ a. vascular tissue; epidermal tissue b. the cortex; the epidermis c. pith; collenchyma d. xylem; phloem and cork
d. xylem; phloem and cork

bio II exam 3 (5 decks)

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