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bio II exam 3 > chapter 25: flowering plants nutrition and transport > Flashcards

chapter 25: flowering plants nutrition and transport Flashcards

1
Q

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for optimal plant growth because it is used to build
a.
Protein

b.
DNA

c.
Mitochondria

d.
All of these are correct

e.
Nucleic acids

A

d.
All of these are correct

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2
Q

Which of the following particles are retained by clay soil and exchanged for hydrogen ions when plants take them up?
a.
Calcium & potassium

b.
Iron & boron

c.
Calcium & copper

d.
Calcium & ammonium

e.
Sodium & sulphur

A

a.
Calcium & potassium

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3
Q

What is the main factor that will determine whether or not water can enter the root cells?
a.
Volume of water available

b.
A lower osmotic pressure in the root tissues than the soil solution

c.
Type of plant cells that are exposed to the water

d.
A higher osmotic pressure in the root tissues than the soil solution

A

b.
A lower osmotic pressure in the root tissues than the soil solution

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4
Q

Which of the following is not involved in mineral uptake by plant roots?
a.
Expending energy in uptake/active transport

b.
Root hairs that increase surface area

c.
Root nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogen

d.
Cuticles that protect surfaces

A

d.
Cuticles that protect surfaces

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5
Q

In the pressure-flow model of phloem transport, the sink is normally
a.
Lenticels

b.
The roots

c.
The stem

d.
Xylem

A

b.
The roots

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6
Q

where does carbon come from

A

carbon dioxide

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7
Q

where do hydrogen and oxygen come from

A

water

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8
Q

what is a mineral

A

naturally occurring inorganic substance containing 2+ elements

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9
Q

what is nitrogen

A

builds nucleic acids, proteins, mitochondria, DNA

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10
Q

what are the 3 qualifications for essential nutrients

A
  1. Identifiable role
  2. No other nutrient can substitute it and fulfill the same role
  3. Deficiency of this nutrient disrupts plant function and metabolism
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11
Q

what is soil

A

Mixture of mineral particles, decaying organic matter, living organisms, air, & water
-typically a mix of sand, silt, and clay particles

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12
Q

what are the 3 ways soil is formed

A
  1. Mechanical weathering of bedrock
  2. Chemical weathering of rock
  3. Decomposition of organic matter
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13
Q

what is humus

A

-decomposing organic matter
-Loose, crumbly texture
-Allows water to soak in w/out removing -air pockets
-Decreases runoff
-Aerate soil
-Nutritious

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14
Q

what are the three soil particles

A

sand, silt, and clay

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15
Q

what is the ideal loam soil

A

Ideal loam soil: combines aeration provided by sand with mineral- & water-retention of silt and clay

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16
Q

how does soil relate to living organisms

A

-Small plants help form soil
-Wide variety of animals dwell in soil
-Ingest fine soil particles& deposit them surface
-Aerating soil
-Decomposition of organic remains
-Bacteria make nitrogen available

17
Q

what are soil horizons

A

major layer of soil visible in a vertical profile

18
Q

what is a soil profile

A

vertical section from the ground surface to the unaltered rocks below
-soil profile varies according to their particular ecosystem

19
Q

what are human causes of soil erosion

A
  1. Deforestation
  2. Desertization
    -not watering soil effectively, becomes too dry, nutrients become inaccessible
  3. Poor farming practices
    -50% + of world’s farmland is terribly degraded
20
Q

water and minerals use the same pathways, but when does water enter roots?

A

when osmotic pressure in roots is lower than soil

21
Q

what are rhizobium bacteria

A

-Live in root nodules
-Bacteria “fix” atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium
-Host plant provides bacteria with food & shelter

22
Q

what do bacteria (rhizobium) do to atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium

A

fix or transform

23
Q

what are mycorrhizae

A

-Association between fungi & plant roots
-Increases the surface area for water and mineral uptake and break down organic matter
-Root provides sugars & amino acids

24
Q

what are xylem

A

Transports WATER & minerals roots to leaves
1. Tracheid
2. Vessel elements

25
Q

what is a tracheid

A

tapered at both ends; ends overlap with adjacent tracheids; pits allow water to pass from one to another

26
Q

what are vessel elements

A

long & tubular; perforation plates at each end; placed end to end to form a hollow pipeline

27
Q

what is phloem

A

Transports organic materials (SUGAR) to ALL parts of plant
1. sieve-tube members
2. companion cells

28
Q

what are sieve-tube members

A

conducting cells. End walls called sieve plates & have many pores; strand of cytoplasm go from one sieve-tube member to another through pores; lack nuclei

29
Q

what are companion cells

A

have nuclei; provide proteins & support to sieve-tube members

30
Q

what is water potential

A

-potential energy of water; a measure of the capability to release or take up water relative to another substance
-Water chemical properties important in movement
-Water large part of both xylem & phloem sap
-leads to root pressure

31
Q

where is the highest water potential

A

The roots, that is where it is getting absorbed

32
Q

what are characteristics of water transport

A

Mineral accumulate high concentrations in root
Solute concentration results water continuously moving into root

33
Q

what is root pressure

A

Osmotic pressure caused by active movement of minerals into root cells; elevates water in xylem for a short distance

34
Q

what is guttation

A

liberation of water droplets from edges & tips of leaves, resulting from root pressure
-buildup of water potential

35
Q

what is transpiration and why does it occur

A

-tension caused by evaporation; explains how water can resist gravity & travel upward
-Waters ability to stay linked in a chain is called cohesion
-Waters ability to stick to inside of xylem vessel is called adhesion
*All water entering creates root pressure, not enough

36
Q

what is the cohesion-tension model of xylem transport

A

-Transpiration
-Tension
-Pulls water column: water molecules joined together in xylem from -leaves to roots
-Cohesion
-Enters xylem

37
Q

what is the role of phloem in organic nutrient transport

A

Found external to xylem
Not defined by gravity; travel in any direction
Source: location of sugar production.
-typically in leaf
Sink: location from which sugar is constantly being removed
-active sites of a plant, where growth is happening, need supply
of ATP
Sugar will flow from source to the sink

38
Q

how does sugar transportation work

A

-establish concentration gradient
-phloem sends H+
-H+ and sucrose cotransport
-Transported from cells in leaves mesophyll into sieve tubes
-Loading is sugar dependent on electrochemical gradient
-Proton pump

39
Q

how does the pressure-flow model of phloem transport work

A

Sugar produced by leaves
Transported into sieve tubes
Water by osmosis
Positive pressure to sink
Stored
Cellular respiration
Water exits by osmosis back to xylem

bio II exam 3 (5 decks)

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