Chapter 24: Fungi Flashcards
what supergroup are the fungi apart of?
opistakonta
are fungi more closely related to plants or animals?
animals
what are the major characteristics of fungi?
cell wall of chitin, not capable of photosynthesis, heterotrophic, store excess sugars as glycogen, multinucleate, fungi live underground and what you see is the reproductive body, eukaryotes
what fungi are unicellular?
yeasts
what are the different components of fungi?
hypha, mycelium, sclerotium
hyphae
tublar structures, hard wall of chitin, multinucleate, grow at their tips. individual parts of the mycelium
mycelium
aggregate of hyphae
sclerotium
hardened mass of mycelium that generally serves as an overwintering stage. a dormant phase in the winter
what are the different ways fungi are heterotrophic?
saprobes, mutualistic symbiont, parasitic symbiont
what are the uses, ecological, and problems of fungi in their eviroments?
uses: medicine and food
ecological: major decomposers, symbiotic relationships
problems: some are deadly, diseases, destroy crops and books
how do fungi eat their food?
release enzymes to break down the food and then diffuse the nutrients into their hyphae, store their food in the form of lipids or glycogen
spores
not seeds, asexually produced through mitosis or sexually produced through meisosis
what is the purpose of spores?
allows fungus to move to a new food source, means of introducing new genetic variation, scatter and disperse their genes into a new area
where can spores be located?
spores can be located directly on the hyphae, inside the sporangia, or on the fruiting body
what are the four main groups of fungi?
chytridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota
chytridiomycota (chytrids)
simple and most primitive fungi, have one flagella, produce motile spores, mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats, very similar to protists but have characteristics of fungi, most are unicellular, but a few are multi but are coenocytic
zygomycota (zygote)
spore through sexual reproduction is called a zygosporangia, through asexual is called a sporangia. hyphae is coenocytic, grow rapidly, decomposers, pathogens, and some for mycorhizzal associations with plants, their spores have thick coats to protect from desiccation and other hazards, and are able to remain dormant until their environment is stable
asexual life cycle of a zygomycota
sporangiophore produces sporangia, which is dispersed and germinated
sexual life cycle of a zygomycota
two different strands of hyphae come together and before fusing form a gametergium. plasmogomy occurs, karyogomy occurs. spore is now a diploid and undergoes meiosis. germination occurs
ascomycota
sexual reproduction produces an asci or ascus. includes the cup fungi, morels, and truffles. asexual is more frequent, male = antheridium, female = ascogonium, fruiting body is called ascocarp. important plants parasites, yeast, decomposers and found in most lichens, hyphae has perforated septa,
asexual life cycle of an ascomycota
one cell will break off and produce its own system
sexual life cycle of an ascomycota
one strand will be the antheridium and the other will be the ascogomium. plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis occurs, mitosis occurs and 8 spores are formed. ascospores are released, germinate, and make their own hyphae
basidiomycota
club fungi, sexual reproduction through basdia, dikaryotic mycelia, includes mushrooms, polypores, puffballs, boletes, and bird nest fungi. decomposers, pathogens, form mycorrhizal associations, most edible fungi,
molds
rapidly grow, asexual spores, have human significance in food spoilage, food products, and antibiotics