CHAPTER 24- IMMUNOLOGY

Question 1

Innate immunity

Answer 1

General barriers to infection : skin, mucous membranes, phagocytic cells, inflammation, compliment system; series of defenses that act immediately upon infection and are the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered before

Question 2

Adaptive immunity

Answer 2

specific defenses to specific diseases: antigens and antibodies, humoral immunity, B cells, immunological memory; set of defenses found only within vertebrates, that is activated only after exposure to specific pathogens; differs from individual to individual depending on what pathogens they have been previously exposed to

Question 3

Phagocytosis

Answer 3

specific group of white blood cells; neutrophils, macrophages

Question 4

Inflammatory Response (SLIDES 9-13)

Answer 4

dilation of blood vessels, phagocytosis and repair

Question 5

Antigen

Answer 5

any molecule that can elicit an adaptive immune response; can induce the protection of antibodies

Question 6

Antibody

Answer 6

an immune response found in blood plasma that attaches to one particular kind of antigen and helps counter it effects

Question 7

Epitope (antigenic determinant)

Answer 7

site on the antigen that antibodies bind to

Question 8

Lymphatic system

Answer 8

involved in innate and adaptive immunity and

Question 9

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 9

collect fluid from body tissues and return it as lymph to the blood

Question 10

Lymph nodes

Answer 10

little round organs packed with macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 11

Lymph

Answer 11

similar to interstitial fluid that surrounds body cells but contains less oxygen and fewer nutrients; packed with white blood cells that can fight infection

Question 12

Two main functions of lymphatic system

Answer 12

(1) to return tissue fluid back to circulatory system and (2) to fight infection

Question 13

Lymphocytes

Answer 13

specific type of white blood cells that originate from stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 14

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Answer 14

continue developing in bone marrow; defend against infections in body fluids and inside cells; make antibodies ; produces a unique antibody to a specific antigen; only make antibodies if stimulated to do so

Question 15

T lymphocytes (T cells)

Answer 15

develop further in thymus; part of cell mediated immunity

Question 16

Humoral immune response

Answer 16

B cells makes antibodies which bond to antigens in body fluid

Question 17

Clonal Selection (SLIDES 32-37)

Answer 17

immune responses defends against a wide variety of antigens; (1) when an antigen enters the body, it activates only a small subset of lymphocytes that produce antibodies to that specific antigen (2) the selected class multiply into clones of themselves (3) some become effector B cells (plasma cells) specialized to produce antibodies against that antigen (4) some become memory cells which survive in the lymphatic system

Question 18

Immunological memory

Answer 18

(1) Memory cells produce the antibodies that helped fight off the infection (antigen); (2) when the same antigen enters the host, there are many memory B cells that produce the antibody to fight that antigen so the antibody response is faster and higher

Question 19

Primary immune response

Answer 19

first exposure to an antigen

Question 20

Secondary immune response

Answer 20

in a secondary exposure, memory cells initiate a faster, stronger, and more prolonged response; activates both effector B cells and memory cells