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anatomy and physiology ii > Chapter 24 nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 24 nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is a kilocalorie?

A

energy value in food

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2
Q

how many calories in a Kcal?

A

1000

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3
Q

how many calories in a Calorie?

A

1000

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4
Q

how many Kilocalories in a Calorie?

A

1

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5
Q

what is a nutrient?

A

a substance in food used to promote growth, maintenance, and repair

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6
Q

what are the six categories of nutrients?

A

carbohydrates
protein
fat
vitamins
minerals
water

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7
Q

what are two examples of what would be micronutrients?

A

vitamins
minerals

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8
Q

what is the difference between minerals and vitamins?

A

minerals: inorganic (salt etc)
vitamins: organic molecules

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9
Q

what are three examples of carbohydrates?

A

sugars
starch
fiber

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10
Q

what are essential nutrients?

A

40 molecules that our bodies cannot make fast enough to meet needs

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11
Q

what are three uses of glucose in the body?

A

production of ATP
DNA synthesis
Glycosylation

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12
Q

where do we get simple carbohydrates from?

A

fruit
honey
milk

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13
Q

what is fiber?

A

indigestible carbohydrate

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14
Q

what can excess carbohydrates cause?

A

obesity
cavities
GI irritation

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15
Q

what can deficiency in carbohydrates cause?

A

tissue wasting
metabolic acidosis

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16
Q

what two fatty acids can the liver not synthesize? what does this make them?

A

linoleic acid (omega-6)
linolenic acid (omega-3)
essential fatty acids

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17
Q

what are lipids in the body used for?

A

feeling of satiety
vitamin absorption
production of ATP
build plasma membranes

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18
Q

what is the purpose of linoleic acid in the body?

A

make prostaglandins

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19
Q

what can occur if excess in lipids?

A

obesity
increased risk of cardiovascular disease

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20
Q

what can occur if deficient in all fats?

A

weight loss
poor thermoregulation

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21
Q

what can occur if deficient in essential fatty acids?

A

poor growth
eczema
depression

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22
Q

how many fatty acids are there? how many of the fatty acids are essential?

A

20 total
10 essential

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23
Q

what are the uses of proteins in the body?

A

make/break apart amino acids

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24
Q

what has to be present in order for protein synthesis? if not present, what occur?

A

all 20 amino acids need to be present
if not, break down amino acids for energy

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25
Q

what are complete proteins vs incomplete proteins?

A

complete: contain all 10 essential amino acids
incom: do not

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26
Q

why is it that we eat beans and rice together traditionally?

A

beans and rice are forms of incomplete proteins and separately do not contain all 10 essential amino acids, but together they do

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27
Q

what do protein deficits cause?

A

profound weight loss
tissue wasting
anemia
edema

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28
Q

true or false? proteins are water soluble?

A

true

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29
Q
A
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30
Q
A
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31
Q

what are coenzymes?

A

needed for metabolic enzymes to work (vitamins)

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32
Q

what are examples of water soluble vitamins? what are their uses?

A

B vitamins - B9 used for nervous system dev.
vitamin C - antioxidant/ collagen synthesis

33
Q

what vitamin deficiency can cause spina bifida?

A

B9 deficiency (folic acid)

34
Q

what can vitamin C deficiency cause?

A

scurvy

35
Q

what are examples of fat soluble vitamins? their uses?

A

vitamin A (retinol) - visual pigments
vitamin D - aids in calcium and phosphorus absorption
vitamin K - blood clotting

36
Q

why do babies get vitamin K shots at birth?

A

they are born sterile and don’t have microbiota to produce vitamin K

37
Q

what does vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

blurred vision

38
Q

what does vitamin D deficiency cause?

A

rickets

39
Q

what does vitamin K deficiency cause?

A

excessive bleeding

40
Q

what is a mineral?

A

inorganic element

41
Q

how many minerals are needed in moderate amount?

A

7

42
Q

what are the uses of mineral in the body?

A

strengthen structure (building bones)
ions (sodium channels)
protein structure

43
Q

where are minerals found?

A

vegetables
beans
milk

44
Q

what are the 7 minerals that are needed in moderate amounts?

A

calcium
phosphorus
sulfur
potassium
chlorine
sodium
magnesium

45
Q

what are the 10 trace minerals needed?

A

iron
fluorine
zinc
copper
manganese
iodine
cobalt
selenium
chromium
molybdenum

46
Q

what is the function of iron in the body?

A

oxygen transportation

47
Q

what is the function of fluorine in the body?

A

tooth structure

48
Q

what is the function of iodine in the body?

A

thyroid hormone synthesis

49
Q
A
50
Q
A
51
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q
A
54
Q

what is aerobic cellular respiration?

A

oxidizes glucose into CO2 and H2O to make ATP

55
Q

what is the reaction of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
56
Q

where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

57
Q

what are the reactants/products of glycolysis?

A

reactant: glucose
product: pyruvic acid & 2 ATP & 2 NADH

58
Q

where in the cell does citric acid cycle occur?

A

mitochondria

59
Q

what are the reactants/products of the citric acid cycle?

A

reactants: pyruvic acid
products: 2 ATP & NADH & FADH2

60
Q

where in the cell does the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

mitochondria

61
Q

what are the reactants/products of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

reactants: NADH + FADH2
products: 28 ATP

62
Q
A
63
Q
A
64
Q

what is the absorptive state? when does it occur?

A

anabolism exceeds catabolism
4 hours during and after each meal

65
Q

what happens to carbohydrates in the absorptive state?

A

deliver to liver
liver will then:
- release some glucose into blood
- store glucose as glycogen
- convert glucose to triglycerides

66
Q

what happens to triglycerides in the absorptive state?

A

enter lymph in chylomicrons
lipoprotein lipase then converts triglycerides in chylomicrons into free fatty acids and glycerol

67
Q

what happens to amino acids in the absorptive state?

A

delivered to liver
liver will return most to blood
use some to make proteins
convert some into keto acids

68
Q

name a protein made in the liver and its function

A

albumin - maintain blood osmolarity

69
Q

how is the absorptive state regulated?

A

in the plasma:
insulin increases
bile acid increases

in the liver:
gluconeogenesis decreases
bile acid synthesis decreases

70
Q

how is the postabsorptive state regulated?

A

in the plasma:
glucagon increases
bile acids decrease

in the liver:
gluconeogenesis increases
bile acid synthesis increases

71
Q

what is the goal of the postabsorptive state? when does it occur?

A

maintain blood glucose at 70-110 mg/dL
late morning
late afternoon
all night

72
Q

what is glycogenolysis? when does this occur?

A

break apart glycogen
within the postabsorptive state

73
Q

what is glucose sparing?

A

during fasting cells alter metabolism to favor burning fats and proteins instead of glucose

74
Q

what is the purpose of glucagon? when it is secreted?

A

in the postabsorptive state
stimulates glycogenolysis and glucogenesis in liver

75
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

make new sugars from other sources than glucose

76
Q

what nervous system controls postabsorptive state?

A

sympathetic nervous system

77
Q
A
78
Q
A
79
Q
A

release glucagon
sympathetic nervous system

anatomy and physiology ii (12 decks)

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