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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 25 the urinary system > Flashcards

Chapter 25 the urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three functions of the urinary system?

A

waste removal
maintain blood volume
regulate blood chemistry

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2
Q

what is the general function of the kidneys?

A

site of filtration
site of urine production

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3
Q

how much blood do the kidneys filter?

A

1.2 L of blood per minute
entire volume of blood is filtered 60x per day

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4
Q

what do the kidneys have in abundance to aid in their function?

A

abundance of mitochondria and use 20% of body’s oxygen to produce ATP in order to have energy to filter blood and concentrate urine

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5
Q

what is the location of the kidneys? which is lower? why?

A

between T12 and L3
right is lower because it is crowded by liver

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6
Q

what are the layers of the kidneys called? deep to superficial

A

fibrous capsule
perirenal fat capsule
renal fascia

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7
Q

what is the fibrous capsule’s structure/function?

A

transparent inner layer
stops spread of infections from surrounding regions into kidneys

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8
Q

what is the perirenal fat capsule’s structure/function?

A

thick middle layer
cushions and holds kidneys in place

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9
Q

what is the renal fascia’s structure/function?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue
anchors

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10
Q

what is renal ptosis? and what can this cause?

A

kidneys drop due to severe weight loss
can prevent urination flow

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11
Q

what is found in the cortex of the kidneys?

A

made mostly of blood vessels

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12
Q

what is found within the renal medulla?

A

renal tubes

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13
Q

what is the renal pelvis?

A

central cavity that collects urine

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14
Q

what are the major and minor calyces of the kidneys?

A

minor: is the tube directly leading out of the renal pyramids
major: is the joining of several minor calyces

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15
Q

name the order of urine flow starting with renal pyramid

A
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16
Q
A
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17
Q
A
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18
Q
A
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19
Q

what is a nephron? how many of them are there?

A

structural and functional units of the kidneys in producing urine
1 million per kidney

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20
Q

what is the structure/function of the glomerulus?

A

ball of capillaries
site of blood filtration

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21
Q

how many glomerulus per nephron?

A

1

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22
Q

what is the structure/function of the afferent arteriole?

A

feeds into the glomerulus
larger diameter
contains “dirty” blood

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23
Q

what is the structure/function of the efferent arteriole?

A

leaves glomerulus
smaller diameter
contains filtered blood

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24
Q

where do solutes go that cannot travel through the filtration membrane?

A

back out the efferent arteriole

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25
Q

why is the efferent arteriole called that instead of a venule?

A

because it leads to another capillary bed (peritubular capillary)

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26
Q

what is the structure/function of the peritubular capillaries?

A

branch from the efferent arteriole
surround renal tubules
collect solutes reabsorbed by kidneys

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27
Q

what is the location and function of the glomerular capsule?

A

is the cup surrounding the glomerulus
receives filtrate from glomerulus

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28
Q

what is the location and function of the proximal convoluted tube?

A

closest convoluted tube to the glomerulus
site of most reabsorption

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29
Q

what is the location and function of the nephron loop?

A

composed of descending/ascending loop
allows production of concentrated and dilute urine
creates counter current multiplier

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30
Q

what is the location and function of the distal convoluted tube?

A

furthest convoluted tube from the glomerulus
fine tunes ion reabsorption

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31
Q

what is the location and function of the collecting duct?

A

last chance to modify chemical composition of urine
drains into renal pelvis

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32
Q

how many nephrons drain into a single collecting duct?

A

many nephrons drain into the same collecting duct

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33
Q

what is food called when leaving the mouth heading to the stomach?

A

bolus

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34
Q

what is food called when leaving the stomach?

A

chyme

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35
Q

what is fluid leaving the collecting ducts of kidneys called?

A

urine

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36
Q

what is fluid called when leaving the glomerulus?

A

filtrate

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37
Q

what are the two classes of nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons

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38
Q

which class of nephrons is most common?

A

cortical nephrons (85%)

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39
Q

what is the difference of structure of the cortical vs Juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons are mostly located in cortex
Juxtamedullary have long nephron loops which plunge deep into medulla

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40
Q

what is the purpose for Juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

critical for generating concentration gradients

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41
Q

what is the location/function of the Juxtaglomerular complex

A

region of tubule where ascending limb of nephron loop contacts afferent arteriole
function: regulates the rate of filtrate formation/ systemic blood pressure

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42
Q

what types of cells are found in Juxtaglomerular complex?

A

macula densa cells
granular cells

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43
Q

what is the location/ function of the macula densa cells?

A

location: form wall of ascending nephron loop at the juxtaglomerular complex
function: contain chemoreceptors that sense concentration of NaCl then signal for vasoconstriction/dilation

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44
Q

what is the location/function of granular cells within the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

location: Large smooth muscle cells lining afferent arteriole
function: contain mechanoreceptors sensing changes in MAP

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45
Q
A

false; aim for the right

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46
Q
A
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47
Q

what are the three processes that the renal tube uses to control urine composition? what occurs in each step?

A

glomerular filtration - control what solutes enter renal tube
tubular reabsorption - save valuable solutes push them back into peritubular capillaries
tubular secretion - pump waste directly into renal tubule from peritubular capillaries

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48
Q

what type of capillary is the glomerulus?

A

fenestrated capillaries

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49
Q

what are the layers of the glomerular filtration membrane?

A
  • endothelium of glomerular capillaries
  • visceral membrane of glomerular capsule
  • basement membrane in between
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50
Q

what is the structure of the visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule?

A

made of podocytes
slits between podocytes allow for fluid to enter capsule

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51
Q

what is the function of the basement membrane within the glomerular filtration membrane?

A

prevents passage of anything greater than 5 nm

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52
Q

explain how fluid moves out of the glomerulus and into the renal tube?

A

blood pressure in glomerulus is high for capillaries (55 mmHg) and pressure in capsule is lower (15 mmHg) allowing fluid to go from high to low

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53
Q

explain how the glomerular filtration rate is regulated

A

intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms

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54
Q

what is the GFR? what is the average rate?

A

Glomerular filtration rate - Volume of filtrate formed per
minute
125 mL/min

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55
Q

how much urine is produced each day?

A

1.5 L

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56
Q

what is involved in the intrinsic controls of GFR? specifically the Myogenic response

A

myogenic response - automatic response to constrict when vessel is stretched and relaxes when not stretched (triggering vasodilation)

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57
Q

what is involved in the intrinsic controls of GFR? specifically the tubuloglomerular feedback

A

*macula densa cells cause granular cells to release NO/ATP

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58
Q

what is involved in the extrinsic controls of GFR? specifically which nervous system?

A

sympathetic nervous system will cause vasoconstriction decreasing GFR

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59
Q

what is involved in the extrinsic controls of GFR? specifically the renin-angiotensin?

A

granular cells release renin when triggered by:
- SNS causing vasoconstriction
- macula densa cells sensing low GFR
- reduced stretch in afferent arteriole

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60
Q

what does renin convert to?

A

angiotensin II

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61
Q
A
62
Q
A
63
Q
A
64
Q

where does the majority of reabsorption occur? how does its structure aid in this?

A

proximal convoluted tubule
has microvilli to increase surface area

65
Q

what is the goal of tubular reabsorption?

A

recover valuable solutes from glomerular filtrate
(electrolytes/ water/ organic/ nutrients)

66
Q

what is the animal that is able to secrete solid uric acid crystals?

A

desert rat (so good at saving water)

67
Q

what is the shape of wombat poop?

A

cubes

68
Q

how does tubular reabsorption take place?

A

active transport

69
Q

what types of exact nutrients are reabsorbed?

A

100% organic nutrients
HCO3-
Na+
Cl-
K+

70
Q

what is the effect of high/low GFR on tubular reabsorption?

A

high: not enough time to reabsorb everything (high content NaCl)
low: wastes will begin to be reabsorbed (low NaCl)

71
Q

where does tubular secretion mostly occur?

A

proximal convoluted tubule
(can also occur in DCT)

72
Q

what is tubular secretion?

A

movement from peritubular capillaries to renal tube

73
Q

what types of substances can be in tubular secretion?

A

drugs too big to cross filtration membrane
urea that was reabsorbed
potassium to balance osmolarity
H+ or HCO3- to maintain pH

74
Q
A
75
Q
A
76
Q
A
77
Q

what did Sawa have nightmares about in school?

A

loop of Henle

78
Q

what is the location and function of the counter current multiplier?

A

location: nephron loop
function: allows formation of concentration gradients/ used to concentrate or dilute urine

79
Q

which type of nephron is the counter current the strongest?

A

long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons

80
Q

the descending/ascending limb is permeable to what?

A

descending: water (impermeable to salt)
ascending: NaCl (not permeable to water)

81
Q

what is the starting and ending value of the osmolarity within the descending tubule of the nephron loop?

A

starts at 300 mOsm (same as blood)
ends at 1200 mOsm (increases with the leaving of water)

82
Q

what is the starting and ending value of the osmolarity within the ascending tubule of the nephron loop?

A

starts: 1200 mOsm
ends: 100 mOsm

83
Q

at equal levels on a picture of the nephron loop, what is the difference in mOsm of descending/ascending loop?

A

difference of 200 mOsm

84
Q

which limb of the nephron loop creates the osmolarity gradient?

A

ascending limb pushes salt out (which creates the gradient for water to come out of the descending limb)

85
Q

what is the number going in to the nephron loop in mOsm? coming out?

A

in: 300 mOsm
out: 100 mOsm

86
Q

how does the osmotic gradient create dilute urine?

A

happens when body is well hydrated
collective duct is kept relatively impermeable to water (no need to save extra water)

87
Q

how does the osmotic gradient create concentrated urine?

A

occurs when dehydrated
cells in collecting duct open aquaporins (water channels) in order to reabsorb water in peritubular capillaries

88
Q

what are the hormones that enable insertion of aquaporins in the collecting duct?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

89
Q

what happens to the mOsm of the collecting duct when dehydrated?

A

increases back to 1200 mOsm because water is leaving to be reabsorbed

90
Q

what are diruetics?

A

chemicals that increase urinary output

91
Q

how do osmotic diuretics work? example?

A

hold water in renal tube because concentration within renal tube is so high so water remains to dilute the solutes
ex: glucose in diabetics

92
Q

how does caffeine work as a diuretic?

A

by inhibiting sodium reabsorption thereby inhibiting water from being reabsorbed

93
Q

how does alcohol work as a diuretic?

A

inhibits ADH release that trigger aquaporin release so water remains in collecting duct

94
Q
A
95
Q
A
96
Q
A
97
Q

what is the renal clearance rate? what is the acronym associated with it?

A

volume of plasma that is cleared of a particular substance per minute
C

98
Q

what is the renal clearance rate (C) equal to?

A

GFR = 125 mL/min

99
Q

what is the color of urine come from?

A

urochrome

100
Q

what does pink or brown urine indicate?

A

ingestion of some foods (beets)
presence of bile pigments or blood

101
Q

what might cloudy urine indicate?

A

microbes

102
Q

what is the pH of urine?

A

6

103
Q

what can acidic urine indicate?

A

large amount of protein/ whole wheat diet

104
Q

what can highly basic urine indicate?

A

vegetarian diet
prolonged vomiting
bacterial infection

105
Q

what is the chemical composition of urine?

A

water
urea
uric acid
creatinine
electrolytes (ions)

106
Q

what is renal calculi?

A

crystals of calcium, magnesium or uric acid within kidneys (kidney stones)

107
Q

what causes renal calculi?

A

urine retention
infection
alkaline pH

108
Q

what size renal calculi can pass? what occurs if it cannot?

A

< 5 mm
hydronephrosis (need lithotripsy to remove)

109
Q
A
110
Q
A
111
Q

what is another word for urination?

A

micturition

112
Q

how is it that astronauts can urinate still in space? is gravity not involved?

A

no, layers of smooth muscle in ureter wall contract to propel urine to bladder

113
Q

is the bladder intra/retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal on pelvic floor

114
Q

what does bladder have to allow for stretch?

A

rugae

115
Q

where in the bladder is a common site for infection? why?

A

trigone of bladder
because it is close to the opening of the urethra

116
Q

what min/max size can bladder hold?

A

800 - 1000 mL

117
Q

what muscle contracts to expel urine?

A

detrusor muscle

118
Q

what are the regions of the male urethra called?

A

prostatic urethra (within prostate)
intermediate/ membranous
spongy (within length of penis)

119
Q

which section of male urethra does ejaculatory ducts empty?

A

prostatic urethra

120
Q

where is the urethrae muscle in the male urethra?

A

intermediate urethra

121
Q

why do women get more urinary infections than men?

A

the urethra is shorter
it is closer to anal opening (near potential fecal bacteria)

122
Q

what are the two sphincters responsible for release of urine? which is voluntary/involuntary?

A

internal urethral sphincter: involuntary
external urethral sphincter: voluntary

123
Q
A
124
Q
A
125
Q

why is pH regulation so important?

A

protein shape is determined by charge interactions of molecules (charge of molecules is determined by pH)

126
Q

name an example of how pH affects specific protein function?

A

correct shape of hemoglobin can only be accomplished within certain pH range, otherwise it will fail to correctly bind to oxygen

127
Q

what is the normal pH of arterial blood? venous blood? why different?

A

arterial: 7.4
venous: 7.35
because venous blood contains wastes and the wastes are acidic

128
Q

what is acidosis? its pH range?

A

pH is lower than normal because it has more H+ molecules
< 7.35 in arterial blood

129
Q

what is alkalosis? its pH range?

A

blood pH is higher than normal because it has fewer H+ molecules
> 7.45

130
Q

what is the job of buffers in the body? what are the names of the types of buffer systems we have in the body?

A

to resist pH changes
Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system

131
Q

which buffer system is the most important? where is is primarily used?

A

bicarbonate buffer system
in extracellular fluid

132
Q

what is the bicarbonate buffer system, how does it maintain pH?

A

made of carbonic acid and bicarbonate (acid/base pair)
they are H+ sponges, can either soak up H+ or squeeze out H+ to increase/decrease pH

133
Q

what is the alkaline reserve?

A

all the bicarbonate dissolved in plasma (pH only decreases when all this reserve is used up)

134
Q

where is the phosphate buffer system used?

A

urine
intracellular fluid

135
Q

how does the phosphate buffer system work?

A

similar to the bicarbonate buffer system (soaks up/ lets go of H+)

136
Q

what is the protein buffer system?

A

amino acids contain acid/base pair

137
Q

where is protein buffer system used?

A

both intracellular and extracellular fluid

138
Q

how does breathing regulate pH?

A

increase breathing rate also increases pH

139
Q

what happens to blood pH when hyperventilating?

A

increases pH

140
Q

what is the problem with using breathing to regulate pH?

A

only eliminates carbonic acid (so if the body’s pH is raised due to other acids like linoleic etc, than it won’t work)

141
Q

what other organ can regulate pH in addition to the lungs?

A

kidneys rid of acids to lower pH

142
Q

what is metabolic acidosis? caused by?

A

lower than 7.35
too much alcohol consumption (metabolized into acetic acid)
starvation (produce fatty acids and ketone bodies)

143
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis? caused by?

A

pH higher than 7.45
excessive vomiting (parietal cells secrete bicarbonate into blood while reproducing HCl)
antacid overdose (same thing happens but caused by excessive base consumption)

144
Q

what is respiratory acidosis? caused by?

A

low blood pH due to altered breathing
- shallow breathing
- poor gas exchange (COPD)

145
Q

what does poor ventilation lead to?

A

respiratory acidosis

146
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis? caused by?

A

high blood pH due to altered breathing
- hyperventilation

147
Q

what is renal tubular acidosis? caused by?

A

low blood pH due to kidney not being able to secrete acids or reabsorb bicarbonate

148
Q

what two organs are involved in the compensation of pH?

A

kidneys and lungs

149
Q

explain how compensation functions to maintain a normal pH when excess acid or base is being produced?

A

if respiratory regulation of pH fails, renal system will try to compensate and vice-versa

150
Q

COPD patients have respiratory acidosis, what happens to their urine pH?

A

urine pH will decrease because it is ridding of acids within the body to lower the acidic blood pH

151
Q
A
152
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology II (12 decks)

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