Chapter 25

Question 1

The cardiovascular system includes

Answer 1

•Heart
•Blood vessels
•Lymphatics
•Lymph nodes, spleen, “MALT”(mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)
•RBC
•WBC (Macrophage, T, B, NK lymphocytes)

Question 2

Carries O2, CO2, nutrients, cells, plasma

Answer 2

The blood

Question 3

Infectious agents in the blood

Answer 3

• Bacteremia– bacteria in the blood
• Viremia - viruses in blood
• Septicemia– growth of bacteria in blood

Question 4

What happens during septic shock?

Answer 4

1.endotoxin (LPS) release
2.macrophage cytokines
3.low blood pressure (leaky capillaries)
4.high fever

Question 5

Cardiovascular system defenses

Answer 5

•Defensins
• Neutrophils, antibodies, complement
• Filtering function of Lymph Nodes
• No normal flora
• Transient flora ?
• Infectious agents in blood (makes systemic infection)

Question 6

Defensive

Answer 6

Antimicrobial proteins in lysosomes of phagocytic cells

Question 7

Yersinia pestis

Answer 7

Plague (cause of plague)

Question 8

Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 8

Lyme Disease

Question 9

Franscisella tularensis

Answer 9

Tularemia

Question 10

Gram negative rod that grows in digestive tract of flea (vector)

Answer 10

Yersinia pestis

Question 11

Reservoir of Yersinia pestis

Answer 11

prairie dogs

Question 12

Yersinia pestis is endemic above

Answer 12

4,000 ft elevation in Arizona and
around 4 Corners

Question 13

Reduced Europe’s population by about half; 100 million people (In some towns – 100% mortality)

Answer 13

Black Death

Question 14

When did the Black Death take place?

Answer 14

1348-1350, some recurrent outbreaks up until 1668

Question 15

Bubonic plague (historical)

Answer 15

Most common, up to 80% mortality rate in 8 days

Question 16

Pneumonic plague (historical)

Answer 16

In the lungs, 90-95% mortality rate in 8 days

Question 17

Septicemic plague (historical)

Answer 17

In the blood, near 100% mortality rate often the first day of symptoms

Question 18

Bubonic plague (Today)

Answer 18

1-5% mortality (50% untreated)

Question 19

Pneumonic plague (Today)

Answer 19

5-15% mortality if treated early (almost 100% fatal is not treated)

Question 20

Septicemic plague (Today)

Answer 20

50% mortality, still no good treatment

Question 21

Bubonic plague is transmitted by

Answer 21

Flea bite

Question 22

buboes

Answer 22

Swollen lymph nodes

Question 23

Enters blood and grows in macrophages in lymph nodes

Answer 23

Y. pestis

Question 24

Lyme Disease is caused by

Answer 24

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 25

Spirochetes

Answer 25

very narrow spiral-shaped bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi)

Question 26

Borrelia burgdorferi characteristics

Answer 26

Gram negative, motile

Question 27

Lyme disease vectors

Answer 27

Tick vector bites infected reservoir (deer, mouse) and becomes infected; transmits disease to humans through bites

Question 28

Lyme Disease Primary stage

Answer 28

Bulls-eye rash on skin

Question 29

Lyme disease Secondary stage

Answer 29

Neurological symptoms, cardiac dysfunction

Question 30

Lyme disease Tertiary stage

Answer 30

Lyme arthritis: Inflammation of large joints (Paraplegia)

Question 31

Lyme arthritis

Answer 31

Immune system Type III hypersensitivity to persisting antigen, antigen-antibody complexes, inflammation, tissue damage by neutrophils (Treated with long course antibiotics)

Question 32

Francisella tularensis

Answer 32

Cause of Tularemia (Rabbit fever), gram negative cocobacillus

Question 33

Reservoir of Francisella tularensis

Answer 33

rabbits and small animals

Question 34

Vector of Francisella tularensis

Answer 34

ticks (Ingestion of contaminated meat also a cause)

Question 35

Tularemia Symptoms

Answer 35

• Fever • Diarrhea • Pain • Fatigue • Difficulty breathing •Skin ulcer at the site of tick bite

Question 36

As little as 10 organisms are infectious

Answer 36

Tularemia

Question 37

Viral hemorrhagic Fevers

Answer 37

Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Ebola, HIV

Question 38

Yellow fever

Answer 38

Reservoir: Aedes agypti Location: Central Africa, S. America

Question 39

Dengue fever

Answer 39

Reservoir: Aedes agypti Location: World-wide

Question 40

Ebola

Answer 40

Reservoir: Tropical Fruit Bat? Location: Central Africa

Question 41

Viral Hemorrhagic fevers symptoms

Answer 41

• Capillary fragility and leakage • Disruption of the blood clotting system Bleeding, Hemorrhage • Liver damage, Hepatitis • High Fatality rate (Up to 90% for Ebola)

Question 42

Yellow fever causes

Answer 42

Yellow fever virus, Flu-like symptoms, Can be hemorrhagic

Question 43

Yellow virus worldwide

Answer 43

About 200,000 infected per year (low reporting?) 15% mortality rate

Question 44

Yellow fever outbreak in USA 1905 along Mississippi River resulted in

Answer 44

20,000 deaths

Question 45

Dengue fever

Answer 45

Dengue virus, Measles-like symptoms, Plus hemorrhaging if hemorrhagic fever

Question 46

Dengue fever in Americas 2007 resulted in

Answer 46

About 900,000 cases total, 26,000 were DHF (20% mortality if untreated, 2.5% if treated)

Question 47

Ebola

Answer 47

Ebola virus (Model for the movie “Outbreak”)

Question 48

Ebola proposed lifecycle

Answer 48

1.Fruit bats carry virus 2.Drop saliva tainted fruit which is eaten by apes 3.Humans hunt and eat infected apes 4.Get disease

Question 49

Ebola first found in

Answer 49

1976 (emerging disease)

Question 50

People who have Ebola die of

Answer 50

hypovolemic shock (Loss of blood volume), 80-90% mortality, few outbreaks keep disease in check

Question 51

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 51

-Blood-Borne Viral and STD infection -Infects helper T lymphocytes (CD4+) -Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome -Long (Latent) incubation period

Question 52

HIV Treatment

Answer 52

Nucleoside analogs (AZT)and protease inhibitors are effective therapies used to treat HIV infections