CHAPTER 25

Question 1

your total body water content is dependent on

Answer 1

age, body fat percentage

Question 2

2 major fluid compartments

Answer 2

ICF, ECF

Question 3

ECF is composed of

Answer 3

interstitial fluid, blood plasma

Question 4

fluid movement between compartments occurs continuously in response to change in

Answer 4

the relative fluid concentrations between the compartments

Question 5

fluid output is categorized as sensible or

Answer 5

insensible

Question 6

fluid output is categorized as obligatory or

Answer 6

facultative

Question 7

fluid imbalances can be organized into five categories

Answer 7

volume depletion, volume excess, dehydration, hypotonic hydration, fluid sequestration

Question 8

fluid output is decreased by

Answer 8

the renin angiotensin system, aldosterone, ADH

Question 9

fluid output is increased by

Answer 9

ANP

Question 10

substances that conduct an electric current following their dissociation in solution

Answer 10

electrolytes

Question 11

major electrolytes

Answer 11

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, PO43, Mg2+

Question 12

stimulates vasoconstriction to increase resistance, decreases fluid output by kidney to maintain blood volume, activates thirst center, stimulates release of aldosterone and ADH. hint: the net effect is an increase in blood pressure.

Answer 12

angiotensin II

Question 13

stimulates the thirst center for us to increase fluid intake, decreases fluid output from kidney to maintain blood volume, and decreases blood osmolarity. hint: vasoconstrictor in high doses

Answer 13

ADH

Question 14

stimulates reabsorption of both Na+ and water to maintain blood volume and blood pressure. however, blood osmolarity is UNCHANGED. potassium ions are normally secreted except under conditions of low pH, then excess H+ is secreted.

Answer 14

aldosterone

Question 15

decreases blood volume and blood pressure by causing vasodilation and increasing fluid output-both processes that occur from stimulation of ANP directly-and through inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system, ADH, and aldosterone

Answer 15

ANP

Question 16

Acid-base balance requires regulating H+ concentration in body fluids to maintain arterial blood pH between

Answer 16

7.35 and 7.45

Question 17

acids can be classified as

Answer 17

fixed or volatile

Question 18

fixed acid is acid from a source other than CO2 and is regulated by the

Answer 18

kidney

Question 19

volatile acid is produced from CO2 and is regulated by

Answer 19

the repsiratory system

Question 20

Adjustments are made to maintain acid-base balance by the output of the kidney as it alters its secretion and reabsorption of

Answer 20

H+ and HCO3

Question 21

True or False: normally, the amount of CO2 eliminated by the respiratory system is equal to the amount of CO2 produced by the body cell during aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 21

true

Question 22

chemical buffers

Answer 22

help prevent pH changes within fractions of a second and include proteins, the phosphate system, and the bicarbonate system until the kidney or respiratory system can alter the blood pH through physiologic mechanisms

Question 23

A transient acid-base disturbance is when

Answer 23

buffering capacity of chemical buffers is temporarily exceeded

Question 24

A transient acid-base disturbance is usually compensated for by

Answer 24

the kidneys or respiratory system

Question 25

4 types of acid-base disturbances

Answer 25

respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis.

Question 26

Which is more common, acidosis or alkalosis?

Answer 26

acidosis