CHAPTER 25 Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
This is when blood escapes from the cardiovascular system or when it cannot be efficiently pumped to tissues the cells become insufficiently oxygenated and this is called?
A
hypoperfusion or shock
2
Q
the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the body cells and tissues as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
A
perfusion
3
Q
the bodys inability to adequately circulate blood to the bodys cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients
A
hypoperfusion
4
Q
the bodys inability to adequately circulate blood to the bodys cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients which is a life threatening condition
A
shock
5
Q
the ______ system is responsible for the distribution of blood to all parts of the body
A
circulatory ( cardiovascular )
6
Q
the cardiovascular system has 3 components
A
heart, blood vessels, blood
7
Q
the hearts job is to pump blood which supplies _____ and ______ to the bodys cells
A
oxygen and nutrients
8
Q
blood is circulated through the body through 3 major blood vessels such as
A
1.) arteries 2.) veins 3.) capillaries
9
Q
these carry oxygenated blood sometimes deoxygenated blood AWAY from the heart
A
arteries
10
Q
these have thick muscular walls that enable it to dilate or constrict depending on the oxygen and nutrients need by the cells
A
arteries
11
Q
oxygen rich blood is emptied from the arteries into here_____ which supply every cell of the body
A
capillaries
12
Q
these are one way valves that carry blood to the heart
A
veins
13
Q
blood in a vein is under _____ pressure than in a artery
A
less
14
Q
blood thats been depleted of oxygen and loaded with carbon dioxide and other wastes are emptied into here?
A
veins
15
Q
the blood has several functions:
A
1.) transportation of gases 2.) nutrition 3.) excretion 4.) regulation 5.) protection
16
Q
______ or ( expansion) of the blood vessels increases blood flow to the skin which increases heat loss from the skin surface
A
dilation
17
Q
______ or narrowing of blood vessels decreases blood flow to the skin which decreases heat loss so core temp can be preserved
A
constriction
18
Q
bleeding especially severe bleeding is called?
A
hemorrhage
19
Q
____ is the main cause of shock in trauma
A
severe bleeding or hemorrhage
20
Q
______ is caused when a force penetrates the skin or lacerations destroy underlying blood vessels
A
external bleeding
21
Q
bleeding from an artery which is characterized by bright red blood that is rapid, profuse, and difficult to control
A
arterial bleeding
22
Q
bleeding from a vein that is dark red or maroon blood and a steady easy to control flow
A
venous bleeding
23
Q
______ hemorrhage occurs when extensive wounds open up large blood vessels or many smaller blood vessels
A
massive
24
Q
blood coming from the heart is generally well _____
A
oxygenated
25
bleeding from an artery can be seen ____ with each beat of the heart
spurting
26
wounds to large veins such as the _____ veins can also cause massive bleeding
jugular
27
_______ hemorrhage occurs where the appendages of the body connect to the trunk
junctional
28
this is a sign of spurting blood, pulsating flow and bright red blood
arteries
29
this is a sign of steady slow flow, dark red blood
veins
30
these flow evenly and slow
capillaries
31
bleeding from capillaries which is characterized by a slow oozing flow of blood
capillary bleeding
32
medications such as aspirin, warfarin, xarelto, pradaxa can prevent _____
clotting
33
reduced body temperature such as ______ can prevent the ability to clot
hypothermia
34
a _____ hemorrhage can be compressible for the most part that is can be controlled by pressing the tissue around the wound or the vessel that is bleeding
external
35
when caring for an external hemorrhage you should wear what 3 things
1.) a gown 2.) eye protection 3.) a mask
36
anytime someone has blood loss you should treat for ____
shock
37
signs of shock are?
1.) altered mental status 2.) pale, cool, clammy skin 3.) nausea and vomiting 4.) vital signs change
38
altered mental status occurs in shock because the ____ isn't getting enough oxygen
brain
39
pale, cool and clammy skin is a result of low _____ so in this case the body gets blood from nonvital organs to take to the rest of the body
blood volume
40
in ______ and _______ shock the skin is typically warm, flushed, and dry because the circulatory system has lost the ability to constrict blood vessels in the skin
anaphylactic and neurogenic
41
in the bodys continuing effort to keep blood perfusing the vital organs blood is diverted from the _____ system causing nausea
digestive
42
in shock the pulse will _____ and become weak and thready
increase
43
respirations will____ in shock they will also become more shallow and labored as shock progresses
increase
44
the blood pressure will _____ in a serious life threatening stage of shock
decreases or drop
45
the systolic and diastolic pressures will ___ meaning they will be closer together
decrease
46
late signs of shock include?
thirst, dilated pupils, cyanosis
47
one of the most important elements in the prevention of shock is to control _____ bleeding
external
48
the major methods of controlling external bleeding are:
1.) direct pressure 2.) elevation of a limb 3.) hemostatic agent 4.) tourniquet 5.) splinting 6.) cold application
49
for a patient with signs of shock control the bleeding and consider providing _____
oxygen
50
the first step in controlling bleeding is ____ this compresses the tissue around the wound and diverts blood flow from the affected blood vessels
direct pressure
51
______ dressing may be used to stop bleeding if pressure alone doesn't work
hemostatic
52
if pressure and hemostatic dressings do not stop the bleeding apply and tighten a ______ until the bleeding stops
tourniquet
53
do not removing a dressing on a wound because you might remove _____ that have formed
clots
54
a bulky dressing held in position with a tightly wrapped bandage which applies pressure to help control bleeding
pressure dressing
55
after controlling bleeding from an extremity using a pressure dressing always check for a ____ to make sure that the dressing has not been applied to tightly
distal pulse
56
______ is usually the quickest and most effective method of controlling external bleeding
direct pressure
57
______ of an injury above the level of the heart, gravity helps reduce the blood pressure in the extremity , slowing bleeding
elevation
58
substances applied as powders, dressings, gauze, or bandages to open wounds to stop bleeding
hemostatic agents
59
products designed to enhance direct pressures ability to control bleeding
hemostatic agent
60
a device used for bleeding control that constricts all blood flow to and from an extremity
tourniquet
61
____ is a device that closes off blood flow to and from a extremity
tourniquet
62
if the bleeding is not controlled by direct pressure and the wound is on a extremity then a ____ should be applied
tourniquet
63
if direct pressure is ineffective and the wound is on the trunk or head then a _____ should be applied
bandage or hemostatic agent
64
we ____ to prevent further movement to damaged bones
splint
65
______ splints also called air splints may be used to control internal and external bleeding these splints may also control bleeding even if there are no suspected injury
inflatable
66
____ splints are most effective for venous and capillary bleeding
air splints
67
do not leave ice packs on the skin for no longer than __ mins
20
68
____ packs minimize swelling and reduces the bleeding by constricting blood vessels
cold
69
_____ carry oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood away from the heart
arteries
70
the ____ artery carries deoxygenated blood because its going away from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary
71
these have thick muscular walls that enable dilation and constriction
arteries
72
these carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
veins
73
these have one way valves that help to keep blood from backing up and going in a different direction
veins
74
these are microscopic blood vessels
capillaries
75
this is the site of oxygen and gas exchange this is where oxygen picks up carbon dioxide and carry it back to the lungs
capillaries
76
what are the functions of blood?
1.) transportation 2.) excretion 3.) nutrition 4.) protection 5.) regulation
77
blood transports _____ and _____
oxygen and nutrients
78
during excretion blood carries away ____ and waste products
carbon dioxide
79
during nutrition blood distributes _____
nutrients
80
the blood has _____ that fight infection during protection
antibodies
81
during regulation _____ and _____ carry blood to keep you warm keeps the blood circulating
hormones and electrolytes
82
adequate circulation of blood throughout the body is ____
perfusion
83
inadequate circulation of blood to tissues and organs is ______
hypoperfusion
84
what is the role of the respiratory system in the circulatory system?
it delivers oxygen to the blood to supply the body
85
this type of bleeding oozes?
capillary bleed
86
this type of bleeding is slow,even,and can be bright or dark red
capillary bleeding
87
this is spurting blood
arterial bleed
88
this type of bleeding is a pulsating flow, bright red color because its highly oxygenated
arterial bleed
89
this is a steady, slow bleed?
venous bleed
90
this type of bleed is dark red because its deoxygenated bleeding
venous bleed
91
this kind of bleed requires atlas 5 mins of direct pressure and blood thinners can interrupt clotting
arterial bleed
92
this type of bleed requires direct pressure for 1 min unless on blood thinners
venous bleed
93
this means your bleeding out or bleeding to death
exsanguinating bleeding
94
the standard precautions to take if someones bleeding is ?
wear gloves, a gown, eye protection , and a mask
95
when should you apply a tourniquet? at what time
after you have applied a hemostatic agent
96
_____ is the single best way to control bleeding
direct pressure
97
when applying direct pressure apply pressure with your _____ hand and gauze bandage
gloved
98
apply direct pressure until when?
the bleeding is controlled
99
true or false: you should NEVER remove a dressing after its saturated and needs more dressings
true
100
after the bleeding has been controlled you should do what?
check for a distal pulse
101
elevation slows bleeding by ____
gravity slows the bleeding
102
this is wrapping several dressings in place with ace bandage or roller bandage wrap tightly over dressings above and below wound
pressure dressings
103
this is a type of dressing where you place several dressings over a wound
pressure dressing
104
this is dressing containing substances that absorb and trap red blood cells
hemostatic agents
105
these dressings can be wadded up and placed into a wound
hemostatic agents
106
if bleeding cant be controlled with direct pressure a ____ would be used
tourniquet
107
you only use a tourniquet on _____ injuries
extremity
108
what are the signs someone is going into shock
altered mental status, bp drops, tachycardia increased heart rate, pulse is irregular
109
what would be a commercial tourniquet used in substitution?
blood pressure cuff
110
when a ___ is applied never remove or loosen it and make sure you document when it was put on
tourniquet
111
attach notation to the patient alerting other providers that a ____ has been applied
tourniquet
112
_____ is a good way to stop bleeding because it keeps you from moving and causing bleeding
splinting
113
splinting helps to keep you from moving and it also does what ?
reduces pain which lowers the bp and calms the patient down
114
this is a type of bleeding control that helps the skin to clot, it causes vasoconstrction which limits bleeding
cold application
115
this is a result from blood flowing from your nose or ears?
head injury
116
when we have a head injury we will see an increased ______ pressure that may or may not be from direct pressure
intracranial
117
during a head injury stopping the bleeding only increases _____ pressure because your brain is still going to swell
intracranial
118
a ____ is a nosebleed
epistaxis
119
____ can cause a nosebleed
high bp
120
_____ is damage to internal organs and large blood vessels it can result in loss of a large quantity of blood in a short time
internal bleeding
121
during _____ bleeding blood loss is not usually seen
internal
122
an example of a atraumatic bleed that is a medical bleed that can cause an internal bleed is____
GI bleeds
123
severe blood loss can result from injury to extremities injury to the _____ can cause internal bleeding
femur
124
signs of shock can indicate _____
internal bleeding
125
_____ trauma means no external bleeding
blunt
126
whats some leading causes of internal bleeding
falls, motor vehicle crashes, auto-pedestrian collisions, blast injuries
127
most internal damage will be recognized by looking at the ____
MOI
128
a patient cool, pale and sweaty can't really remember what happened, coming in and out of consciousness bp is 88/40 you would put a ___ on them
tourniquet
129
some examples of penetrating traumas would be:
gunshot wound, stab wound, impaled objects
130
signs of internal bleeding would be:
1.) shock 2.) MOI 3.) injuries to the body surface 4.) bruising, swelling, organs painful when palpating5.) painful, swollen, deformed extremities 6.) bleeding from the mouth, rectum and vagina 7.) tender, rigid or distended abdomen 8.) vomiting coffee ground or bright red material
131
_____ indicates new blood
bright red blood
132
children compensate when they are very ill they can maintain a normal bp until half their ____ is lost
blood volume
133
when trying to determine a trauma you would use your ____ of the scene
MOI
134
what signs will children show if their in shock r going into shock
altered mental status, pale, cool, clammy, listless they don't recall what your saying
135
whats some things to do when treating for shock in a internal bleed
keep the patient warm, give oxygen, keep the patient still, lay the patient down
136
_____ is the inability to supply cells with oxygen and nutrients
shock
137
this is the inadequate removal of waste products from cells
shock
138
this is a type of shock when the heart loses the ability to pump
cardiogenic
139
this is a type of shock when the blood vessels dilate making too large a container to fill
neurogenic shock
140
this is shock that occurs when you loose too much blood
hypovolemic shock
141
in this stage of shock your body is still working?
compensated
142
this is when your body senses the decrease in perfusion and attempts to compensate for it
compensated shock
143
during early signs of shock what does your vital signs do?
HR increases, RESP RATE. increases, BLOOD PRESSURE increases, you become cool, pale, sweaty and you have a NORMAL mental status
144
this is a shock when your body isn't working any more
decompensated
145
this is when the body can no longer compensate for low blood volume or lack of perfusion
decompensated shock
146
during decompensated shock late shock what does your vital signs do?
you have an ALTERED MENTAL STATUS, BP decreases, HR decreases, RESP RATE. decreases
147
this is what type of shock? loss of circulating blood volume
hypovolemic shock
148
this type of shock is called hemorrhagic shock if its caused by uncontrolled bleeding internal and external
hypovolemic shock
149
this type of shock is caused by burns and crush injuries
hypovolemic shock
150
this type of shock is seen in patients suffering myocardial infarction ( heart attack )
cardiogenic shock
151
in this shock you have inadequate perfusion to heart which decreases contractions
cardiogenic shock
152
malfunction of the hearts electrical system causing the heartbeat to be slow, too fast or irregular is what type of shock?
cardiogenic shock
153
this type of shock is the inability to control dilation of blood vessels because of nerve paralysis
neurogenic
154
is this type of shock you have no blood loos but vessels dilate so much blood volume can't fill them
neurogenic
155
anaphylactic and septic shock are examples of this type of shock
neurogenic shock
156
signs of shock are
altered mental status, pale, cool, clammy, nausea and vomiting, vital signs change
157
treatment for shock:
aggressive airway maintenance, give oxygen, attempt to stop cause of shock, splint bone or joint injuries, prevent heat loss, deliver patient to appropriate hospital, calm patient down
158
how should you care for an amputated hand?
wrap in a dry dressing
159
almost all external bleeding can be controlled by _____ and _____
elevation and direct pressure
160
any time someone is bleeding treat for ______
shock
161
early signs of shock are:
restlessness, anxiety, pale skin, rapid pulse, rapid respirations, tachycardia
162
signs and symptoms of shock may not be evident early treatment is based on____
MOI
163
_____ develops if the heart fails, blood volume is lost, or blind vessels dilate
shock
164
this is a reflecting of the body trying to compensate for inadequate perfusion
shock
165
the most significant treatment for __patients is early recognition, treat them before you see it
shock
166
never push _____ into an internal wound such as a penetrating trauma to the abdomen or chest
dressings
167
obvious bleeding and soaking through the dressings is signs that your direct pressure isn't working working and you should apply a ____
tourniquet
168
do not apply a tourniquet directly over a ___ place it 2 inches above the wound
joint
169
never apply _____ directly to the skin this can cause frostbite and further tissue damage, wrap the ice pack in a cloth before applying to the skin, never leave on longer than 20 mins at a time
ice or cold packs
170
when pressure receptors in the aorta and carotid artery sense decrease flow they stimulate the release of epinephrine and _____ into the bloodstream
norepinephrine
171
when an infection spreads through the body via the bloodstream ___ or blood poisoning is present
sepsis
172
the goal for on scene time when caring for a trauma or shock patient is ___ mins
10
173
_____ is an impaired ability to clot
coagulopathy
