Chapter 25 Flashcards by Michael Chervony

The physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside of the body to the inside is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.  
A.  ingestion 
B.  compaction 
C.  digestion 
D.  absorption 
E.  secretion

D. absorption

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The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.  
A.  mesenteries 
B.  mucosae 
C.  submucosae 
D.  muscularis mucosae 
E.  muscularis externa

A. mesenteries

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The layer that is responsible for the motility that propels food and residue through the digestive tract is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.  
A.  lumen 
B.  muscularis externa 
C.  submucosa 
D.  mucosa (mucous membrane) 
E.  serosa

B. muscularis externa

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The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium, is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.  
A.  lumen 
B.  muscularis externa 
C.  submucosa 
D.  mucosa (mucous membrane) 
E.  serosa (mesentery)

E. serosa (mesentery)

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Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed?  
A.  Water 
B.  Vitamins 
C.  Proteins 
D.  Minerals 
E.  Cholesterol

C. Proteins

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Which of the following is not an accessory organ of digestion?  
A.  Tongue 
B.  Liver 
C.  Pancreas 
D.  Salivary glands 
E.  Spleen

E. Spleen

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Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface?
A. Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
B. Serosa, lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa
C. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa, lamina propria
D. Mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina propria
E. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina propria, serosa

A. Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.  
A.  falciform ligament 
B.  mesentery 
C.  greater omentum 
D.  lesser omentum 
E.  esophageal hiatus

B. mesentery

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An example of chemical digestion is the break down of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.  
A.  proteins; nucleotides 
B.  amino acids; proteins 
C.  polysaccharides; amino acids 
D.  nucleic acids; nucleotides 
E.  fatty acids; cholesterol

D. nucleic acids; nucleotides

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The __________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow. Its neurons are found in the __________.
A. autonomic nervous system; serosa
B. central nervous system; muscularis externa and muscularis mucosae
C. enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa
D. visceral sensory division; muscularis externa and submucosa
E. visceral motor division; mucosa and submucosa

C. enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa

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The surface of the tongue is covered with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, where many taste buds can be found.  
A.  keratinized; lingual papillae 
B.  keratinized; lingual frenulum 
C.  nonkeratinized; lingual papillae 
D.  nonkeratinized; tonsils 
E.  nonkeratinized; vallate papillae

C. nonkeratinized; lingual papillae

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Infants have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ permanent teeth.  
A.  20; 32 
B.  16; 20 
C.  28; 20 
D.  32; 20 
E.  32; 32

A. 20; 32

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Which of the following is the correct list of tooth anatomy from the most superficial to the deepest?  
A.  Cementum, root canal, enamel 
B.  Enamel, root canal, dentin 
C.  Dentin, enamel, cementum 
D.  Enamel, dentin, pulp 
E.  Crown, enamel, dentin

D. Enamel, dentin, pulp

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Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?  
A.  Mucus 
B.  Lysozyme 
C.  Amylase 
D.  Lipase 
E.  Protease

E. Protease

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The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland.  
A.  lingual; labial 
B.  submandibular; lingual 
C.  submandibular; sublingual 
D.  sublingual; parotid 
E.  lingual; sublingual

B. submandibular; lingual

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The swallowing center is located in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.  
A.  mouth 
B.  oropharynx 
C.  esophagus 
D.  medulla oblongata 
E.  enteric nervous system

D. medulla oblongata

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The oral phase of swallowing is under __________ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is __________.
A. central nervous system; also controlled by the central nervous system
B. central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
C. autonomic nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
D. voluntary; also voluntary
E. involuntary; also involuntary

B. central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes

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Acid reflux into the esophagus (“heartburn”) is normally prevented by __________.
A. pharyngeal constrictors
B. the upper esophageal sphincter
C. the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
D. esophageal glands
E. pharyngeal and buccal sphincters

C. the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.  
A.  gastric rugae 
B.  antrum 
C.  pyloric sphincter 
D.  fundic region 
E.  cardiac region

C. pyloric sphincter

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Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells.  
A.  mucous 
B.  regenerative (stem) 
C.  parietal 
D.  chief 
E.  enteroendocrine

C. parietal

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Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  is/are secreted by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells. 
A. intrinsic factor; parietal
B. bile salts; chief
C. lecithin; hepatic
D. hydrochloric acid; parietal
E. enterokinase; mucous

A. intrinsic factor; parietal

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Pepsinogen is produced by __________ and is activated by __________, which is secreted by __________.
A. chief cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells
B. chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells
C. parietal cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); chief cells
D. parietal cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); chief cells
E. enteroendocrine cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells

B. chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal

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Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because __________.
A. it saves one step in their synthesis
B. gastric cells do not have the necessary enzymes for their synthesis
C. they start digesting intracellular proteins of the gastric cells more quickly
D. they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins
E. they can start digesting dietary proteins more quickly

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D. they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins

The enterogastric reflex serves to __________.
A. relax the stomach in preparation for swallowed food
B. stimulate acid and enzyme secretion when food enters the stomach
C. stimulate intestinal motility when there is food in the stomach
D. inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
E. relax the ileocecal valve when chyme is on its way to the colon

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D. inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine

``` __________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme. A. Enterokinase; pepsin B. Gastrin; secretin C. Gastrin; cholecystokinin (CCK) D. Gastric lipase; histamine E. Secretin; pepsin ```

E. Secretin; pepsin

``` The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions. A. cephalic B. gastric C. intestinal D. gastrointestinal E. mesenteric ```

B. gastric

``` The __________ stores excss glucose and releases it into the blood when needed. A. pancreas B. stomach C. liver D. spleen E. small intestine ```

C. liver

A hepatic triad consists of __________. A. the right, left, and common hepatic ducts B. the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and bile duct C. the hepatic portal vein and two hepatic ducts D. a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein E. a central vein, a hepatic lobule, and a hepatic sinusoid

D. a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein

``` . Of the following components of bile, only __________ has/have a digestive function. A. bile salts B. bilirubin C. cholesterol D. phospholipids E. neutral fats ```

A. bile salts

``` The __________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________. A. duodenum; neutral fats B. ileum; bilirubin C. gallbladder; cholesterol D. pancreas; bile salts E. liver; cholesterol ```

E. liver; cholesterol

``` Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called __________. A. insulin B. cholecystokinin (CCK) C. secretin D. glucagon E. gastrin ```

B. cholecystokinin (CCK)

``` Which of the following is not a component of the pancreatic juice? A. Trypsinogen B. Chymotrypsinogen C. Deoxyribonuclease D. Sodium bicarbonate E. Enterokinase ```

E. Enterokinase

``` Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine? A. Triglycerides B. Amino acids C. Glucose D. Minerals E. Water-soluble vitamins ```

A. Triglycerides

``` Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH? A. Salivary amylase B. Pancreatic amylase C. Pepsin D. Trypsin E. Dipeptidase ```

C. Pepsin

Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________. A. gastric pits B. surface of the gastric mucosa C. intestinal crypts D. brush border of the small intestine E. cytoplasm in the cells of the small intestine

D. brush border of the small intestine

``` Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?0-2013 A. Circular folds (plicae circulares) B. Intestinal length C. Microvilli D. Villi E. Rugae ```

E. Rugae

Which of the following statements regarding the migrating motor complex is true? A. It milks the chyme toward the colon. B. It allows a bolus to move down the esophagus. C. It churns and mixes residue in the descending colon. D. It churns and mixes a bolus with gastric juices. E. It propels pancreatic juice down the pancreatic duct.

A. It milks the chyme toward the colon.

``` The __________ of the small intestine is/are similar to the __________ of the stomach. A. villi; pyloric glands B. rugae; Peyer patches C. intestinal crypts; gastric pits D. goblet cells; parietal cells E. pyloric sphincter; ileocecal valve ```

C. intestinal crypts; gastric pits

``` Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________, whereas protein digestion begins in the __________. A. liver; small intestine B. small intestine; stomach C. mouth; stomach D. mouth; small intestine E. stomach; small intestine ```

C. mouth; stomach

``` The enzyme(s) called __________ break(s) down the substrate called __________. A. lactase; glucose B. peptidases; proteins C. lipases; micelles D. lactose; lactase E. nucleases; nucleotides ```

B. peptidases; proteins

Which of the following statements is true regarding the sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLP)? A. It is a uniport carrier. B. It is an antiport carrier. C. It uses solvent drag to transport glucose and sodium. D. It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells. E. It transports glucose from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells, and sodium in the opposite direction.

D. It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.

``` Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the __________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the __________. A. small intestine; large intestine B. small intestine; liver C. stomach; small intestine D. stomach; large intestine E. small intestine; small intestine ```

E. small intestine; small intestine

Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming __________. A. triglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol B. low density lipoproteins (LDL) C. chylomicrons D. emulsification droplets E. micelles

D. emulsification droplets

Which of the following is the proper sequence by which proteins are digested by different enzymes? A. Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase B. Pepsin, trypsin, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase C. Trypsin, pepsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase D. Trypsin, pepsin, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase E. Dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase, pepsin, trypsin

A. Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase

``` Lipids are transported to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells by __________, and are then processed into __________. A. fat droplets; micelles B. fat droplets; chylomicrons C. micelles; fat globules D. micelles; chylomicrons E. fat globules; micelles ```

D. micelles; chylomicrons

The three most abundant classes of nutrients are __________. A. carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals B. fats, proteins, and carbohydrates C. proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates D. triglycerides, starches, and proteins E. proteins, fats, and minerals

B. fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

The muscle tone of the __________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called __________. A. circular folds; ceca B. taeniae coli; haustra C. haustra; taeniae coli D. internal sphincters; omental (epiploic) appendages E. internal sphincters; ceca

B. taeniae coli; haustra

Which of the following is not a process carried out by bacterial flora? A. Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet B. Synthesis of vitamin K C. Production of some of the gases found in flatus D. Digestion of cellulose E. Formation of part of the feces

A. Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet

``` Bacteria constitute about __________% of the dry weight of the feces. A. 2 B. 14 C. 30 D. 55 E. 80 ```

C. 30

Defecation is stimulated by __________. A. the chemical composition of the feces B. bacterial flora in the feces C. water content of the feces D. lipid content in the feces E. stretching of the rectum

E. stretching of the rectum

``` The enzyme that catalyzes the first step reaction in HCl production by gastric parietal cells is called __________. A. carbonic acid B. carbonic anhydrase C. dipeptidase D. protease E. ATPase ```

B. carbonic anhydrase

``` Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)? A. Activate pepsinogen to pepsin B. Activate lingual lipase C. Emulsify lipids D. Destroy ingested pathogens E. Convert Fe3+ to Fe2+ ```

C. Emulsify lipids

Which of the following is true regarding the difference between the mucosa of the small and large intestines? A. They both have villi, but only the small intestine has microvilli. B. The small intestine has deeper intestinal crypts than the large intestine. C. The small intestine has simple columnar epithelium and the large intestine does not. D. Intestinal crypts are only found in the large intestine. E. The large intestine has larger circular folds than the small intestine.

B. The small intestine has deeper intestinal crypts than the large intestine.

``` Which of the following is not a trigger for mass movements of the colon? A. The gastrocolic reflex B. The duodenocolic reflex C. Chyme filling the duodenum D. Chyme filling the stomach E. The colorectal reflex ```

E. The colorectal reflex

``` The movement of colonic contents from one puckered section to another is called __________. A. the gastrocolic reflex B. the duodenocolic reflex C. mass movement D. haustral contraction E. defecation ```

D. haustral contraction

Chapter 25 Flashcards

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