Chapter 25 - **Neurological System Flashcards
1
Q
Afferent
A
sensory
2
Q
efferent
A
motor
3
Q
Function of the meninges and CSF
A
protect the CNS
4
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
cerebrums outer layers of nerve cell bodies
5
Q
Is the cerebral cortex grey or white matter?
A
grey - it lacks myelin
6
Q
Myelin
A
white insulation on the axon that increases conduction velocity of nerve impulses
7
Q
Cerebrum
A
centre for higher functions - thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, voluntary movement
8
Q
Frontal Lobe
A
personality, behaviour, emotions, intellectual function
9
Q
Precentral gyrus
A
initiates voluntary movement
10
Q
Parietal Lobe
A
contains postcentral which is primary area of sensation
11
Q
Occipital Lobe
A
visual reception
12
Q
Temporal Lobe
A
auditory reception
13
Q
Wernicke’s Area
A
speech comprehension - when damaged a person hears sound but it has no meaning
14
Q
Broca’s Area
A
speech production - injury leads to inability to speak, person can still understand language
15
Q
Basal Ganglia
A
bands of grey matter deep in the cerebrum that control automatic associated movements of the body
16
Q
Thalamus
A
main relay station
17
Q
Synapses
A
sites of contact between two neurons
18
Q
Hypothalamus
A
major control centre - controls temp, HR, BP, sleep, pituitary gland, coordination of ANS and emotions
19
Q
Cerebellum
A
-motor coordination and voluntary movements
-balance
-muscle tone
20
Q
Midbrain
A
-most anterior part of brain stem
-merges with thalamus and hypothalamus
-contains motor neurons
21
Q
Pons
A
ascending and descending fibre tracts
22
Q
Medulla
A
-continuation of spinal cord
-autonomic centres (respiratory, cardiac, GI functions)
-nuclei for CN VIII-XII
-pyramidal decussation occurs here
23
Q
Pyramidal Decussation
A
crossing of motor fibres
24
Q
Crossed Representation
A
feature of nerve tracts - left cerebral cortex receives and controls the right side of the body and vice versa
25
Spinothalamic Tract
contains sensory fibres that transmit sensation of pain, temperature, crude or ligh touch
26
Posterior (Dorsal) Columns
conduct sensations of position, vibration, fine touch
27
Position (Proprioception)
sense of where your body parts are in relation to each other (without looking)
28
Vibration
ability to feel vibrating objects
29
Vibration
ability to feel vibrating objects
30
Stereognosis
finely localized touch, ability to identify objects without looking
31
Homonculus
"little man" responsible for sensation is particular body parts
32
Corticospinal Fibres
mediate voluntary movement, 10% don't corss
33
Extrapyramidal Tracts
all the motor neurons originating in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, spinal cord that are outside the pyramidal tract
34
Cerebellar System
coordinated movement, maintains equilibrium, posture
35
Upper Motor Neurons
complex of all the descending motor fibres that influence or modify lower motor neurons
36
Where are upper motor neurons located?
in the CNS
37
Examples of Upper Motor Neurons
-corticospinal
-corticobulbar
-extrapyramidal
38
Upper Motor Neuron Diseases
-cerebrovascular accident
-cerebral palsy
-multiple sclerosis
39
Lower Motor Neurons
located mostly in PNS - funnels neural signals and provides direct contact with muscles
40
Examples of Lower Motor Neurons
-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves
41
Examples of Lower Motor Neuron Diseases
-spinal cord lesions
-polio
-ALS
42
Deep Tendon Reflexes
myotatic - ie. knee jerk
43
Superficial Reflexes
ie. corneal reflex or abdominal reflex
44
Visceral Reflex
ie. pupillary response, accomodation
45
Pathological Reflexes
-abnormal
-ie. Babinski reflex
46
Name all 12 cranial nerves: (hint: oh, oh, oh to touch and feel very good velvet, such heaven!)
I - olfactory
II - optic
III - oculomotor
IV - trochlear
V- trigeminal
VI - abducens
VII - facial
VIII - vestibulocochlear
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - spinal
XII - hypoglossal
47
What are the types of cranial nerves? (hint: some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter most!)
olfactory - sensory
optic - sensory
oculomotor - motor
trigeminal - both
abducens - motor
facial - both
vestibulocochlear - sensory
glossopharyngeal - both
vagus - both
spinal - motor
hypoglossal - motor
48
Olfactory Nerve (I)
smell
49
Optic Nerve (II)
vision
50
Oculomotor Nerve (III)
MOTOR - extraocular movement, opening of eyelids
PARASYMPATHETIC - pupil constriction, lens shape
51
Trochlear Nerve (IV)
downward and inward movement of the eye
52
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
MOTOR - muscle of mastication
SENSORY - sensation of face, scalp, cornea, mucous membranes of mouth and nose
53
Abducens Nerve (VI)
lateral movement of the eye
54
Facial Nerve (VII)
MOTOR - facial muscles, closing of eyes, labial speech, closing mouth
SENSORY - taste on front 2/3 of tongue
55
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
hearing and equilibrium
56
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
MOTOR - pharynx (phonation and swallowing)
SENSORY - taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue, gag reflex
PARASYMPATHETIC - parotid gland, carotid reflex
57
Vagus Nerve (X)
MOTOR - pharynx and larynx (talking and swallowing)
SENSORY - sensation from carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, viscera
PARASYMPATHETIC - carotid reflex
58
Spinal Nerve (XI)
trapezius and sternomastoid muscles
59
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
tongue movement
60
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
61
What type of nerves are spinal nerves?
mixed (sensory and motor)
62
Dermal Segmentation
the cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves
63
Dermatome
circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from on segment through a spinal nerve
64
What controls motor activity in newborns?
medulla and spinal cord
65
Do babies have myelinated neurons?
no
66
What order do infants neurons become myelinated in?
proximal to distal - head, neck, trunk, extremities
67
What order do infants gain motor control?
lifting head, lifting head and shoulders, rolling over, moving arm, using hands, walking
68
Hemorrhagic Stroke
occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and causes bleeding
69
Ischemic Stoke
blood clot blocks blood vessel in the brain
70
What are the most common stroke symptoms:
-sudden weakness in face, arms, or legs (esp. on one side of body)
-sudden confusion or dysphagia
-sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance
-sudden change in vision
-sudden severe headache
71
What are less common stroke symptoms?
-sudden N&V
-brief LOC + fainting
72
FAST acronym:
Face - drooping?
Arms - can raise both?
Speech - slurred?
Time - call 911 ASAP
73
Syncope
sudden loss of strength and a temporary loss of consciousness due to lack of blood flow or low BP
74
Paresis
weakness of voluntary movement
75
Dysmetria
inability to control ROM
76
Paraesthesia
an abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling
77
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
78
Dysarthria
difficulty forming words
79
Aphasia
difficulty with language comprehension or expression
80
Ansomnia
loss of smell from smoking, allergic rhinitis, cocaine
81
How do you test CN II?
-acuity
-confrontation
82
How do you assess CN III, IV, and VI?
-pupil size and accommodation
-cardinal positions
83
Nystagmus
back-and-forth oscillation of the eyes
84
How do you test CN V?
M - palpate temporal and masseter muscles while patient clenches teeth, try to separate jaws by pushing down on chin
S - close patients eyes and ask patient to say now when they feel cotton swab touch face
85
When do you not omit the corneal reflex test?
if the patient has abnormal facial sensation or abnormal facial movement
86
How do you test CN VII?
M - ask patient to smile, frown, close eyes tightly, lift eyebrows, puff cheeks
S - only test with facial nerve injury - taste test
87
How do you test CN VIII?
whispered voice test
88
How do you test CN IX and X?
M - pharyngeal "AHHH", gag reflex
89
How do you test CN XI?
ask patient to rotate head against resistance and ask patient to shrug shoulders against resistance
90
How do you test CN XII?
ask patient to stick out tongue and ask patient to say "light, tight, dynamite"
91
How do you test cerebellar function?
gait (normal and heel-toe)
92
Ataxia
uncoordinated or unsteady gait
93
What is the Romberg Test?
ask patient to close eyes and hold a standing, stable position for 20s
94
What is a positive romberg signs?
loss of balance with eyes closed
95
Clonus
rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle
96
What is Babinski's signs?
splayed toes
