Chapter 25- Nucleotide biosynthesis Flashcards
Nucleotides are required for which life processes?
- They are activated precursors of nucleic acids that are necessary for the replication of the genome and the transcription of the genetic information into RNA
- ATP is an adenine molecule, which acts as a universal source of energy
- Nucleotide derivatives like UDP-glucose participate in biosynthetic processes (like the formation of glycogen)
- Nucleotides like cAMP are essential components of signal-transduction pathways
De novo pathways
From scratch- the nucleotide bases are assembled from simpler compounds, including amino acids. ATP hydrolysis is required for de novo synthesis. De novo pathways lead to the synthesis of ribonucleotides. All deoxyribonucleotides are synthesized from the corresponding ribonucleotides
Salvage pathways
Performed bases are recovered and reconnected as a ribose unit
Nucleoside
A unit consisting of a purine/pyrimidine base bonded to a sugar. There are 4 nucleoside units in RNA and 4 in DNA
Nucleotide
The monomer unit in the nucleic acid polymer. Nucleotides consists of 3 components- a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. It is a nucleoside joined to one or more phosphoryl groups by an ester linkage.
4 nucleoside units in RNA
Adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine
4 nucleoside units in DNA
Deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and thymidine (thymine nucleosides are rarely found in RNA so by convention the deoxy- prefix is not added)
4 nucleotide units of DNA
The 4 nucleotide units of DNA are deoxyadenylate, deoxyguanylate, deoxycytidylate, and thymidylate
4 nucleotide units of RNA
Adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, and uridylate
Pyrimidine nucleotide
Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) are pyrimidine derivatives. Uracil in RNA is also a pyrimidine. They have a single ring structure. The first nitrogen at the bottom of the ring forms a bond with sugar. The ring is attached to a ribose phosphate to form the pyrimidine. The rings are assembled from bicarbonate, aspartate, and ammonia
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2
Catalyzes the first step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, where carbamoyl phosphate is synthesized from bicarbonate and ammonia. This reaction requires the cleavage of 2 molecules of ATP. This enzyme requires 3 different active sites. Intermediates generated at one site move to the next through substrate channeling, without leaving the enzyme. This prevents loss of the substrates and prevents intermediates from being hydrolyzed
Carbamoyl phosphate synthesis
- Bicarbonate is phosphorylated by ATP to form carboxyphosphate and ADP
- Ammonia reacts with carboxyphosphate to form carbamic acid and inorganic phosphate
- Carbamic acid is phosphorylated by another molecule of ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate
ATP-grasp fold
The active site of CPS 2- the domain forms a structure that surrounds ATP and holds it in an orientation suitable for nucleophilic attack. ATP grasp folds are widely used in nucleotide biosynthesis
What is the main source of ammonia for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2?
Glutamine is the main source of ammonia. The small subunit of CPS2 hydrolyzes glutamine to form ammonia and glutamate
Aspartate transcarbamoylase
Second step of de novo pyrimidine synthesis- carbamoyl phosphate reacts with aspartate to form carbamoylaspartate
CAD
A large polypeptide chain- carbamoyl phosphate synthase,
aspartate transcarbamoylase and dihydroorotase. Carbamoylaspartate cyclizes to form dihydroorotate, which is then oxidized by NAD+ to form orotate