Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P Unit 5 > Chapter 25 Urinary > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys filter 200 liters of blood daily allowing

A

toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions to leave the body in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kidneys regulate volume and chemical makeup of the

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Kidneys maintain proper balance between

A

water and salts, and acids and bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gluconeogenesis happens during

A

prolonged fasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Production of rennin to help regulate blood pressure and

A

erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Activation of

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Urinary bladder

A

provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Paired ureters

A

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Urethra

A

transports urine from the bladder out of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The kidneys lie in a retroperitoneal position

A

in the superior lumbar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The right kidney is lower than the left because

A

it is crowded by the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The lateral surface is convex the medial

A

surface is concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The renal hilus leads to the

A

renal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

A

enter and exit at the hilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Renal capsule

A

a fibrous capsule that prevents kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Adipose capsule

A

fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Renal facia

A

the outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cortex

A

the light-colored, granular superficial region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Medulla

A

exhibits-cone shaped medullary (renal) pyramids separated by columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The medullary pyramid and its surrounding capsule

A

constitute a lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Renal pelvis

A

flat funnel-shaped tube lateral to the hilus within the renal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Major calyces

A

large branches of the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Major calyces

A
  • collects uring draining from papillae

* empties urine into the pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Urine flows through the pelvis and ureters to the

A

bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Approximately one-fourth (1200ml) of systematic cardiac output

A

flows through the kidneys each minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Arterial flow into and venous flow out of kidneys

A

follow similar paths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The nerve supply is via

A

the renal plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nephrons are the structural and functional units that

A

form urine, consisting of: Glomerulus, Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, Renal corpuscle, and Glomerular endothelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Glomerulus

A

a tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

A

blind, cup-shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

the glomerulus and its Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Glomerular endothelium

A

fenestrated epithelium that allows solute-rich, virtually protein-free filtrates to pass from the blood into the glomerular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Anatomy of the Glomerular Capsule

A
  • The external parietal layer is a structural layer
  • The visceral layer consists of modified, branching epithelial podocytes
  • extensions of the octopus-like podocytes terminate in foot processes
  • Filtration slits-openings between the foot process that allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria
*resorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Loop of Henle

A

a hairpin-shaped loop of the renal tubule

  • proximal part is similar to the proximal convoluted tubule
  • proximal part is followed by the thin (descending limb) segment (simple squamous cells) and the thick (ascending limb) segment (cuboidal to columnar cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Connecting tubules

The distal portion of the distal convoluted tubule nearer to the collecting ducts.

A

*Two important cell types are found here-intercalated cells and principal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Intercalated Cells

A
  • cuboidal cells with microvilli

* function in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Principal cells

A
  • cuboidal cells without microvilli

* help maintain the body’s water and salt balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

85% of nephrons; located in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • are located at the cortex-medulla junction
  • have loops of Henle that deeply invade the medulla
  • Have extensive thin segments
  • are involved in the production of concentrated urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Every nephron has two capillary beds

A
  • Glomerulus

* Peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Each glomerulus is:

A
  • fed by an afferent arteriole

* drained by an efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is high because:

A
  • Arterioles are high-resistance vessels

* Afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Fluid and solutes are forced out of the blood throughout

A

the entire length of the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Peritubular beds are low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption that:

A
  • arise from efferent arterioles
  • cling to adjacent renal tubules
  • empty into the renal venous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Vasa recta-

A

long, straight efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Juxtaglomeular Apparatus (JGA)

A

*where the distal tubule lies against the afferent (sometimes efferent) arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Arteriole walls have juxtaglomeular (JG) cells

A
  • enlarged, smooth muscle cells
  • Have secretory granules containing renin
  • act as mechanoreceptors
51
Q

Macula densa

A
  • tall, closely packed distal tubule cells
  • lie adjacent to JG cells
  • function as chemoreceptors or osmoreceptors
52
Q

Mesanglial cells

A
  • have phagocytic and contractile properties

* influence capillary filtration

53
Q

Filtration membrane

A

*Filter that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule

54
Q

The filtration membrane is composed of three layers:

A
  • fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
  • visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule (podocytes)
  • basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae of the outer layers
55
Q

Mechanisms of Urine Formation

  • The kidneys filter the body’s entire plasma volume 60 times each day
  • They filtrate:
A
  • contains all plasma components except protein

* loses water, nutrients, and essential ions to become urine

56
Q

The urine contains metabolic wastes and

A

unneeded substances

57
Q

Glomerular Filtration

*Principles of fluid dynamics that account for tissue fluid in all capillary beds apply

A

to the glomerulus as well

58
Q

The glomerulus is more efficient than other capillary beds because:

A
  • its filtration membrane is more permeable
  • Glomerular blood pressure is higher
  • it has a higher net filtration pressure
59
Q

Plasma proteins are not filtered and are used to maintain

A

oncotic pressure of the blood

60
Q

Net Filtration Presure (NFP)

A
  • The pressure responsible for filtrate formation
  • NFP equals the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) minus the oncotic pressure of glomerular blood (OPg) combined with the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

NFP=HPg-(OPg+HPc)

61
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

The total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys

62
Q

Factors governing the filtration rate at the capillary bed are:

A
  • Total surface area available for filtration
  • Filtration membrane permeability
  • Net filtration pressure
63
Q

GFR is directly proportional

A

to the NFP

64
Q

Changes in GFR normally result from

A

changes in glomerular blood pressure

65
Q

If the GFR is too high:

A

Needed substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine

66
Q

If the GFR is too low:

A

Everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of

67
Q

Three mechanisms that control the GFR:

A
  • Renal autoregulation (intrinsic system)
  • Neural controls
  • Hormonal mechanism (the renin-angiotensin system)
68
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

a transepithelial process whereby most tubule contents are returned to the blood

69
Q

Transported substances move through three membranes

A
  • Luminal and basolateral membranes of tubule cells

* Endothelium of peritubular capillaries

70
Q

Only Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and some Na+ are reabsorbed

A

via paracellular pathways

71
Q

All organic nutrients are

A

reabsorbed

72
Q

Water and ion reabsorption is

A

hormonally controlled

73
Q

Reabsorption may be

A

an active (requiring ATP) or passive process

74
Q

Substances reabsorbed in PCT include:

A
  • sodium, all nutrients, cations, anions, and water
  • urea and lipid-soluble solutes
  • small proteins
75
Q

Loop of Henle reabsorbs:

A
  • H2O, Na+, Cl-, K+ in the descending limb

* Ca2+, Mg2, and Na+ in the ascending limb

76
Q

DCT absorbs:

A

*Ca2+, Na+, H+, K+, and water

77
Q

Collecting duct absorbs:

A

water and urea

78
Q

Osmolality

A
  • the number of solute particles dissolved in 1L of water

* reflects the solution’s ability to cause osmosis

79
Q

Body fluids are measured in

A

milliosmols (mOsm)

80
Q

The kidneys keep the solute load of body fluids

A

constant at about 300 mOsm

81
Q

This is accomplished by the

A

countercurrent mechanism

82
Q

Countercurrent mechanism

A

interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle (countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the vasa recta blood vessels (countercurrent exchanger)

83
Q

Countercurrent mechanism

A
  • The solute (solid) concentration in the loop of Henle ranges from 3000 mOsm to 1200 mOsm
  • Dissipation of the medullary osmotic gradient is prevented because the blood in the vasa recta equilibrates with the interstitial fluid
84
Q

Loop of Henle: Countercurrent Multiplier

The descending loop of Henle:

A
  • is relatively impermeable to solute

* is permeable to water

85
Q

Loop of Henly: Countercurrent Multiplier

The ascending loop of Henle

A
  • is permeable to solutes

* is impermeable to water

86
Q

Collecting ducts in the deep medullary regions

A

are permeable to urea

87
Q

Loop of Henley: Countercurrent Exchanger

The vasa recta is countercurrent exchanger that:

A
  • Maintains the osmotic gradient

* Delivers blood to the cells in the area

88
Q

Formation of Dilute Urine

Filtrate is diluted in the

A

ascending loop of Henle

89
Q

Dilute urine is created by allowing this

A

filtrate to continue into the renal pelvis

90
Q

This will happen as long as

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not being secreted

91
Q

Collecting ducts remain impermeable to water;

A

no further water reabsorption occurs

92
Q

Sodium and selected ions can be

A

removed by active and passive mechanisms

93
Q

Urine osmolality can be as low as

A

50 mOsm (one-sixth that of plasma)

94
Q 
Formation of Concentrated Urine
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A

inhibits diuresis (increased or excess production of urine)

95
Q

In the presence of ADH,

A

99% of the water in filtrate is reabsorbed

96
Q

ADH-dependent water reabsorption is called

A

facultative water reabsorption

97
Q

ADH is the signal to produce

A

concentrated urine

98
Q

The kidneys’ ability to respond depends upon

A

the high medullary osmotic gradient

99
Q

Chemicals that enhance the urinary output include:

A
  • any substance not reabsorbed
  • substances that exceed the ability of the renal tubules to reabsorb it
  • substances that inhibit Na+ reabsorption
100
Q

Osmoric diuretics include:

A
  • High glucose levels-carries water out with the glucose
  • Alcohol-inhibits the release of ADH
  • Caffeine and most diuretic drugs-inhibit sodium ion reabsorption
  • Lasix and Diuril-inhibit Na+ -associated symporters
101
Q

Color and transparency:

A
  • clear, pale to deep yellow (due to urochrome)
  • concentrated uring has a deeper yellow color
  • drugs, vitamin supplements, and diet can change the color of urine
  • cloudy urine may indicate an infection of the urinary tract
102
Q

Odor

A
  • Fresh urine is slightly aromatic
  • standing urine develops an ammonia odor
  • some drugs ard vegetables (asparagus) alter the usual odor
103
Q

pH

A
  • slightly acidic (pH 6) with a range of 4.5 to 8.0

* diet can alter pH

104
Q

Specific gravity

A
  • ranges from 1.001 to 1.035

* is dependent on solute concentration

105
Q

Urine is

A

95% water and 5% solutes

106
Q

Nitrogenous wastes:

A

urea, uric acid, and creatinine

107
Q

Other normal solutes include:

A
  • sodium, potassium, phosphate, and sulfate ions

* calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions

108
Q

Abnormally high concentrations of any

A

urinary constituents may indicate pathology

109
Q

Ureters

*Slender rubes that convey urine from

A

the kidneys to the bladder

110
Q

Ureters enter the base of the bladder through the posterior wall.

A

*this closes their distal ends as bladder pressure increases and prevents backflow of urine into the ureters

111
Q

Ureters have a trilayered wall

A
  • Transitional epithelial mucosa
  • smooth muscle muscularis
  • fibrous connective tissue adventitia
112
Q

Ureters actively propel urine to the bladder via

A

response to smooth muscle stretch

113
Q

Urinary Bladder is

A

smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine

114
Q

The urinary bladder lies

A

retroperitoneally on the pelvic floor posterior to the pubic symphysis

  • males-prostate gland surrounds the neck inferiorly
  • females-anterior to the vagina and uterus
115
Q

Trigone-

A

triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters and the urethra
*Clinically important because infections tend to persist in this region

116
Q

The bladder wall has three layers:

A
  • transitional epithelial mucosa
  • a thick muscular layer
  • a fibrous adventitia
117
Q

The bladder is distensible (able to stretch and expand) and

A

collapses when empty

118
Q

As urine accumulates

A

the bladder expands without a significant rise in internal pressure

119
Q

Urethra

A

muscular tube that:

  • drains urine from the bladder
  • conveys it out of the body
120
Q

Sphincters keep the urethra closed when urine is not being passed

A
  • internal urethral sphincter-involuntary sphincter at the bladder-urethra junction
  • external urethral sphincter-voluntary sphincter surrounding the urethra as it passes through the urogenital diaphragm
  • levator ani muscle-voluntary urethral sphincter
121
Q

The female urethra is tightly bound to the

A

anterior vaginal wall

122
Q

Its external opening lies anterior to the vaginal opening and

A

posterior to the clitoris

123
Q

The male urethra has three named regions:

A
  • Prostatic urethra-runs within the prostate gland
  • membranous urethra-runs through the urogenital diaphragm
  • spongy (penile) urethra-passes through the penis and opens via the external urethral orifice

A & P Unit 5 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions