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Physical science > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

the process that includes the physical or chemical breakdown of minerals on Earths surface

A

weathering

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2
Q

mixture of weathered rock, organic material, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

A

soil

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3
Q

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

A

erosion

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4
Q

erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in this process

A

sediment transport

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5
Q

when the erosional agent slows down or melts, it drips this sedimentary load in this process

A

deposition

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6
Q

drainage the land area that gathers water for a major river

A

drainage basin

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7
Q

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

A

longshore current

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

no, they weather at different rates

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

rock types and landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

mechanical weathering and chemical weathering

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

physical changes

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12
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

chemical changes

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13
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

frost wedging, biological activity, collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

when water collects in the cracks of a rock then freezes

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

“Freeze-Thaw Cycle”

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16
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

plant and animal activity

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisons?

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

What is parent material?

A

where soil forms from

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19
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

the different layers of soil

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20
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

there can be up to 6

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21
Q

True or False. All soils contain every soil horizon.

A

false

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22
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A

O, A, E, B, C, R

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23
Q

What does the fist soil horizon contain?

A

organic material

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24
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

mostly minerals

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25
Which layer does leaching occur?
E
26
Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?
B
27
Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?
C
28
Which layer is unweathered bedrock?
R
29
Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?
O and A
30
Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?
E and B
31
What are the two types of chemical weathering?
oxygen and water
32
What are chemical changes due to oxygen?
oxidation | ex. rust
33
What are chemical changes due to water?
hydrolysis
34
Which horizons make up the true soil?
O, A, E, B
35
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
weathering is the breakdown of materials, and erosion is the removal of surface minerals
36
What happens to the speed of the river if the slope decreases?
the river speed decreases
37
What are small streams that flow into larger rivers?
tributaries
38
What is the land area called that gathers water for major river?
drainage basin
39
What is the boundary that separates distinct drainage basins?
drainage divide
40
What is created when water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earths surface
channels
41
Why are young rivers that are v-shaped?
fast movement
42
What type of rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes?
mature
43
what are fan-shaped sediment deposits that form at the mouth of a river
deltas
44
What are the branching channels that are created from deltas?
distributaries
45
What forms when the mouth of a river or stream enters dry land?
Alluvial fans
46
What are the two types of glaciers?
valley and continental
47
Where do valley glaciers form?
High montanous region
48
Where do continental glaciers form?
colder climates over large land areas
49
Where do continental glaciers form?
colder climates over large land areas
50
What are cirques?
bowl shaped basins
51
What are the two continental glaciers located?
greenland and antartica
52
What is an arete?
when 2 adjacent valley glaceiers meet and erode a long,sharp ridgeline
53
What are horns?
sharpened peaks
54
What shape of valleys do valley glaciers create?
u-shaped valleys
55
What are tributary glaciers?
small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers
56
What type of valleys do tributary glaciers create?
hanging valleys
57
What is deflation?
the removal of small particles by wind that leaves heavier particals behind
58
What is it called when small particles are removed
desert pavement
59
what does the shape and size of land forms die to wind depend on
wind speed, amount of time the wind blows, and sediment supply
60
on wich side of the dune does the erosion occur
the windward side
61
What are some landforms created by wave erosion?
coastal cliffs, sea arches, and sea stacks
62
What are two examples of wave depositon?
sand bars and sand spits
63
What are sandbars?
landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
64
What are sad spits?
sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape
65
What are sad spits?
sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape
66
What can cause mass wasting?
snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity
67
What are examples of mass wasting?
rock slides, mudflows, landslides
68
the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or event
relative dating
69
which states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past
uniformitarianism
70
states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom
principle of superposition
71
the gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occured or depostion was absent
unconformity
72
the remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record
fossil
73
the process by which water enters earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
infiltration
74
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
water table
75
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
aquifer
76
the percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space
porosity
77
the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
absolute dating
78
What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?
97
79
What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?
3
80
Where is the majority of freshwater found?
glaciers
81
Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater?
lakes, rivers, and stored ground water
82
What is precipitation?
when water vapor in the air cools and condenses; ex. rain, snow, sleet, etc
83
What is runoff?
water running off the land surface
84
What is infiltration?
the process when water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
85
What is transportation?
when plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
86
What is evaporation?
when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
87
What is condensation?
when water vapor collides with other vapor molecules to form water droplets
88
What is the water cycle?
when water on the land enters the atomsphere and eventually comes back to land
89
What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?
a porous area where water easily passes through
90
What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?
beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space
91
What is a water table?
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
92
What does it mean if sediment is permeable?
when water is able to easily pass through sediment
93
What is an aquifer?
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
94
What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer?
Ogallala Aquifer
95
How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer fun through?
8
96
What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas
97
What is an aquitard?
keep water confined
98
How are water springs formed?
where the water table naturally meets Earths suface
99
What is an artesian well?
wells drilled into pressurized aquifers
100
What is a cone of depression?

Physical science (7 decks)

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