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chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is weathering

A

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth´s surface

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2
Q

what is soil

A

soil is the mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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3
Q

what is erosion

A

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

sediment transporting is…

A

when rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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5
Q

what is deposition

A

when the erosional agent slows down or melts, it drops a sediment load

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6
Q

what is a drainage basin

A

the land area that gathers water for a major river systems

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7
Q

what is a longshore current

A

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

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8
Q

do rocks weather at the same rate

A

no

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9
Q

what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather

A

rock type and landscape

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10
Q

what are two types of weathering

A

mechanical weathering and chemical weathering

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11
Q

what type of change happens with mechanical weathering

A

physical changes

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12
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering

A

chemical changes

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13
Q

what are 3 types of mechanical weathering

A

frost wedging, biological activity, collisions

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14
Q

what causes frost wedging

A

occurs when water collects in the cracks of a rock and feezes

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15
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

freeze thaw cycles

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16
Q

what causes biological activity

A

plants and animals

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by

A

oxygen and water

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18
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen

A

oxidation

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19
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by water

A

hydrolysis

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20
Q

what is parent material

A

where soil comes from

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21
Q

what are soil horizons

A

they are the different layers of soil

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22
Q

how many soil horizons are there

A

6

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23
Q

true or false. all soils contain every soil horizon

A

false

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24
Q

what are the specific soil horizons

A

O, A, E, B, C, R

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25
what does the first soil horizon contain
organic material
26
what is the second horizon mostly made up of
mostly minerals
27
which layer does leaching occur
3rd or E
28
which horizon collects materials from previous horizons
B or the 4th
29
which layer is partially weathered bedrock
C or the 6th
30
which soil horizons make up the topsoil
O and A
31
which soil horizons make up the subsoil
E and B
32
which soil horizons make up the true soil
O, A, E, B
33
which layer is unweathered bedrock
R
34
what causes weathering during collisions
when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through rivers
35
on which side of a dune does erosion occur
the windward side
36
on which side of a dune does deposition occur
the leeward side
37
what is deflation
the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
38
what is desert pavement
when small particles are removed, the remaining surface is called
39
due to wind what does the shape and size of landforms depend on
wind speed, amount of time the wind blows, sediment supply
40
what are 3 landforms are created from wave erosion
coastal cliffs, sea stacks, sea arches
41
what are two landforms created from wave deposition
sand bars and sand spits
42
what are sand bars
landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
43
what are sand spits
they are similar to sand bars except they curve back to the land
44
what are some things that can cause mass wasting
snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity
45
what are some examples of mass wasting
rock slides, mudflows, landslides
46
when the slope of a river decreases what happens to the rivers speed
is also decreases
47
what are small streams called that flow into large rivers
tibutaries
48
what is the land area called that gathers water for a major river
drainage basin
49
what is the boundary called that seperates distinctive drainage basins
drainage divide
50
as water flows downhill under influence of gravity, water erodes earths surface creating
channels
51
what shape does young river carve out of earths surface due to the fast movement
v shape
52
what types of rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes
mature
53
when rivers flood and drop their sediment load
flood plains
54
what is fan shaped sediment depostited at the mouth of the river
deltas
55
what are distributaries
the branching channels created by deltas
56
what is formed where the mouth of a river or streams enters dry land
alluvial fans
57
what are the two types of glaciers
valley glaciers and continental glaciers
58
where do valley glaciers form
form in high mountains regions
59
where do continental glaciers form
colder climates and they occupy large land areas
60
where are the two continental glaciers located
one in greenland and antarctica
61
what is a cirque
bowl shaped basin
62
what is a arete
form were 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridge line
63
what is a horn in a mountanious region
sharpened peaks
64
what shape of valley do valley glaciers form
they created u shaped valleys
65
what percentage of water on Earth is salt water
97%
66
what percentage or water on Earth is freshwater
3%
67
where is the majority of freshwater found
2% of the freshwater is found in glaciers
68
where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found
1% of freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, and stored as ground water
69
what is precipitation
when water vapor in the air cools and condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals
70
what is runoff
water running off the land surface
71
what is infiitration
the process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
72
what is transpiration
when plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
73
what is evaporation
when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
74
what is condensation
when water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets
75
what is the water cycle
the water cycle is where water from the land enters the atmosphere and eventually returns back to land
76
what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage
a porous area where water easily passes through
77
what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage
beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space
78
what is a water table
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
79
what does it mean if sediment is premeable
it means water can easily infliltrate through
80
what is an aquifer
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore spaces
81
what is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer
ogallala aquifer
82
How many states does the Great Plains Aquifere run through
8 states
83
what are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas
84
what is an aquitard
a layer of sediment that doesnt allow water to flow through it
85
how are water springs formed
where the water table naturally meets Earth´s surface
86
what is an artesian well
wells drilled into pressurized aquifers
87
what is a cone of depression
as water is pumped out of the ground, the direction that the water flows is directed down toward the well is the cone of depression
88
what is absolute dating
the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or event
89
what is relative dating
the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
90
what is uniformitarianism
states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past
91
what is the principle of superpostion
states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom
92
what is uncomfomity
gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
93
what is the fossil
the remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record

physical science (5 decks)

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