Chapter 27-29 Unit Test

Question 1

Why were there US & Russian hostilities after WW2?

Answer 1

Soviet policies of expansionism, Soviet violation of Yalta accords, US & Russia had different perspectives politically, disputes over Poland

Question 2

Tehran Conference

Answer 2

1. 1943 FDR and Churchill met in Teheran, Iran to meet with Stalin 2. Established cordial personal relationship with Russia 3. Stalin agreed to US request to enter war in Pacific 4. FDR in return promised that an Anglo-American second front would be establish in 6 months (were slow to make it)

Question 3

Yalta Conference - what was agreed upon?

Answer 3

1. United Nations created 2. Soviet Union would gain territory in Poland 3. Soviet Union will help fight with US in the Pacific (against Japan)

Question 4

Yalta Conference - Issue of Germany

Answer 4

divided into four “zones of occupation”

Question 5

What were Truman’s feelings towards Stalin and Soviet Union?

Answer 5

-Soviet Union and Stalin were untrustworthy, was tough with the US govt. handling containment of communism -His initial approach to negotiate with Soviet was followed by significant American concessions at Potsdam.

Question 6

Berlin Blockade - why was it created?

Answer 6

Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city (located in East Germany) to the Soviets to administer. (AIRLIFTS WITH FOOD!)

Question 7

American Economy after WW2

Answer 7

The government spending dropped, 35$ billion war contract cancelled and the consumer demand of goods increased, 6$ billion tax cut was pumped which added general circulation of money in the economy, although this resulted in inflation for more than 2 years, and the price rates of goods increased as well

Question 8

Presidential Election of 1948 - What did Truman do to get elected?

Answer 8

Eisenhower refused the presidential nomination for the Liberal Party (ADA) that forced them to nominate Truman for president. Truman became more aggressive to Dewey, the Republican party, and traveled throughout the states making 356 speeches, he wanted to repeal Taft-Hartly Act, increase support from civil rights protection and he won by 49.5 to 45.1 on popular vote, 303 to 189 on electoral votes

Question 9

Truman - Example of Fair Deal Legislation

Answer 9

national medical insurance, federal aid to education, civil rights advances, and the desegregation of the armed forces.

Question 10

US fighting communism within itself - events and reasons why

Answer 10

1. American Communist Party- Truman issued an executive order establishing the Federal Employee Loyalty Program, which became so powerful that it often abridged the rights of officials in its search for disloyalty 2. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) attacked a number of prominent screenwriters and directors, prompting Hollywood to establish an unofficial blacklist that prevented any questionable individuals from getting work 3.Truman sought to demonstrate his stance against communism by prosecuting eleven leaders of the Communist Party under the 1940 Smith Act, which prohibited any conspiracy from overthrowing the government

Question 11

Senator McCarthy

Answer 11

leader of the HUAC, and led public court hearings that accused many, even government officials of being spies for the Soviet Union

Question 12

1952 Presidential Election - why Eisenhower won

Answer 12

The election focused on social issues as well as international issues, including how to stop the communists abroad and domestically. won by popular & electoral votes

Question 13

Yalta- Issue of Poland

Answer 13

Soviet troops were already in control of Poland, a procommunist provisional government had already been established, and Stalin was adamant that Russia’s interests in that nation be recognized. The final agreement merely declared that a “more broadly based” government should be established in Poland.

Question 14

NSC-68 - what did it do regarding American Foreign policy?

Answer 14

It pledged the US not only to contain communism, but to take a further step to drive back Communist influence wherever it appeared and to “foster the seeds of destruction within the Soviet Union”.

Question 15

Fair Deal - elements

Answer 15

extension of FDR’s New Deal -extended Social Security to 10 million additional Americans, improved Fair Labors Standard Act by raising minimum wage

Question 16

Anti-Communism in early 50’s

Answer 16

McCarthyism, HUAC, Alger Hiss accused of being a communist and was convicted for perjury, 1947 they initiated a public program to review government officials, McCarran Internal Security Act: all communist organizations must register to the government system, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted for masterminding the exchange of information of the Manhattan Project to the Soviets but was a false allegation

Question 17

Truman - approach towards Russians

Answer 17

refused to permit Russian any claim of reparations from the American, French, and British zones of Germany

Question 18

Election of 1948 - Elements of Truman’s surprise victory

Answer 18

Democrats didn’t think Truman would win, Truman gets landslide of popular votes, Dewey concedes, making Truman president

Question 19

Affluence of 1950s

Answer 19

made it seem like everyone was economically stable but people living in rural areas were suffering from low income

Question 20

American Economy in 1950s

Answer 20

-low unemployment -Keynesian Economics: made it possible for government to regulate and stabilize the economy without intruding directly into the private sector. >British economist John Keynes >varying the flow of government spending and taxation and managing the supply of currency -grew nearly 10 times faster than the population between 1945-1975

Question 21

Labor Unions during 1950s

Answer 21

American Federation of Labor merged with the congress of industrial organizations = AFL-CIO

Question 22

Penicillin

Answer 22

-Was first introduced by Alexander Fleming but wasn’t altered enough to be used to fight human diseases until a group of university researchers led by Florey and Chain were able to produce a usable dosage of penicillin. -first human trials were successful but were stalled in England because of WW2 -laboratories produced mass availability and commercial distribution

Question 23

DDT

Answer 23

-discovered hoping it would protect crops and humans from insect-carried diseases (typhus and malaria) -discovered by a Swiss chemist named Paul Muller -seemed to be extremely toxic to insects but harmless to humans -First use on a large scale in Italy in 1943 during typhus outbreak then was used in the Pacific Islands -was later discovered that it had long-term effects on animals and humans

Question 24

Consumer Culture in 1950s - reasons and causes

Answer 24

• advertising (radio, tv, etc) -increased prosperity -increased variety and availability of products -growth of consumer credit

Question 25

Reason for growth in Suburbs

Answer 25

• partly as a result of important innovations in home-building, which made single family houses affordable to millions of people. - enormous importance postwar americans placed on family life after the disruptive war -larger, more affordable homes -women valued the presence of other nonworking women nearby -the social importance placed on the family -a desire for racial segregation. - a desire for privacy, security, and space for consumer goods -both the social importance placed on the family, and a desire for racial segregation.

Question 26

Pressures of Suburban Women

Answer 26

• increased isolation from the workplace -prejudice against women working -pressured to remain in the home and concentrate on child-raising - although the pressure for women to stay out of the workforce grew, families needed second income

Question 27

Different Types of Television Programming

Answer 27

-Major networks: NBC,CBS,ABC - Depicted: white middle class suburban families > gritty working class families >unmarried professional women > African American families - depicted the ideal nation as well as the negative aspects of america - generally sought to convey an idealized image of america

Question 28

Environmentalism - Echo Valley incident

Answer 28

-Located near boarders of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming -the government sought to build a dam to create source of hydroelectric power. -American environmentalists led fight to maintain Echo park and won - It helped create widespread environmental consciousness

Question 29

Results of development of large scale organizations and bureaucracies

Answer 29

increased their influence over American life in the postwar era

Question 30

The Beat Generation

Answer 30

a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they wrote about. Central elements of “Beat” culture include a rejection of mainstream American values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern spirituality -juvenile delinquency

Question 31

Rock & Roll - African American artists

Answer 31

• Chuck Berry, the Temptations, Little Richard, B.B King, Chubby Checker - Producer: Berry Gordy, founder and Pres. of Mowtown records

Question 32

Eisenhower Administration - government advances civil rights -> where did it come from?

Answer 32

-sent troops to Little Rock -enforce federal court orders to desegregate public schools -also signed civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 to protect the right to vote

Question 33

Massive Resistance

Answer 33

policy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. of Virginia to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation, particularly after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954

Question 34

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Answer 34

• Rosa Parks’ arrest was the direct cause - effective - blacks carpooled, used taxis, or got driven by their bosses, or walked - put economic pressure on bus company and Montgomery merchants - led to the rise of MLK

Question 35

Causes of Civil Rights movement in ’50s-‘60s

Answer 35

Brown vs Board, followed by the Bus Boycott and lynching of Emmett Till and are generally credited for; together igniting the Civil Rights Movement. Along with support of the media was vital

Question 36

Eisenhower leadership style

Answer 36

-Eisenhower provided Americans with the stability they craved and labeled his credo “Modern Republicanism.” -he was conservative on monetary issues and liberal “when it came to human beings.”

Question 37

Eisenhower Cold War policies

Answer 37

a willingness to seek peace and disarmament while supporting coups to overthrow unfriendly governments

Question 38

US’s stance in regards of Suez Crisis 1956

Answer 38

-The United States of America made it clear that it was against any form of military action -Eisenhower ordered U2 spy planes to fly over the Israel/Egypt area to give US Intelligence more of a clear picture as to what military equipment both sides had. The results greatly angered Eisenhower. -Eisenhower saw the planes as changing the balance of power in the region and that such a move could provoke a response.

Question 39

Khrushchev - what did he do when he wanted Nato to abandon West Germany control of West Berlin

Answer 39

issued an ultimatum giving the Western powers six months to agree to withdraw from Berlin and make it a free, demilitarized city. At the end of that period, Khrushchev declared, the Soviet Union would turn over to East Germany complete control of all lines of communication with West Berlin; the western powers then would have access to West Berlin only by permission of the East German government

Question 40

U2 Incident

Answer 40

a.Between the US’s Eisenhower and Soviet Union’s Khrushchev, wanted NATO powers renewing west berlin charter b.US refused, so USSR suggested to meet in paris to discuss in 1960. c.Plans to peacefully discuss went on until days before meeting the US’s spy plan the U-2 was shot down in Russian territory d.The Pilot Francis Gray Powers was in captivity e.USSR lashed out and withdrew from agreement f.increased tension

Question 41

Eisenhower’s Greatest Contribution

Answer 41

1. Kept America at peace 2. Ended the Korean War 3. refused to cut taxes and raise defense spending 4. Sponsored and Signed the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 5. Sponsored and Signed the Civil Rights Bill of 1957

Question 42

Eisenhower Administration - Where did they face crisis during Cold War

Answer 42

-Soviet Union brutally crushed a popular democratic uprising in Hungary for control of Eastern Europe, Hungary requests for help, but he could not risk turning the Cold War into a nuclear war -Eisenhower employed the CIA to tackle the specter of Communism in developing countries outside the Soviet Union’s immediate sphere of influence

Question 43

Economy of ‘50’s - economic expansion why?

Answer 43

the American economy entered a twenty-year period of tremendous growth. During the 1950s and 1960s, national income nearly doubled, giving Americans about 40% of the planet’s wealth.

Question 44

Sit ins

Answer 44

a. Started at Greensboro b. 1960, four black students from North Carolina A&T University sat at a segregated lunch counter in a Greensboro F.W. Woolworth’s store. Management predictably denied them service. Hundreds came to protest c. The Woolworth’s management stated their willingness to negotiate, but the students rejected their terms and resumed their protest d. Businesses that refused to serve blacks saw their profits drop by more than 30 percent, and they relented, eventually dropping their rules against serving black patrons. e. 45 arrests of protesters f. sparked a movement in more than 100 cities across the country. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee managed the sit-in protests, and their success helped to overturn business segregation laws in many cities.

Question 45

Freedom Riders

Answer 45

a. 1961, a Supreme Court ruling overturned segregated bus terminals b. SNCC organized a series of “Freedom Rides” in which about 400 people (mostly young white and black males) rode buses across the South to test different cities’ implementation of the ruling c. angry whites attacked some of the riders, and police arrested one rider for using the bus terminal’s restrooms when in Little Rock d. In Alabama: A crowd of whites disabled one of the buses outside of town by flattening its tires, and then firebombed the bus with the passengers still inside. As the passengers tried to escape the burning bus, the mob of more than 100 whites held the doors shut. e. Anniston, another mob pulled off its passengers and beat them with pipes f. In Birmingham, police arrested some riders for violating segregation laws. g. Montgomery bus station faced another mob without the benefit of any police protection; they also were severely beaten.

Question 46

Prominent officials in South who resisted Integration

Answer 46

-Governor Ross Barnett: refused to enforce the order to admit first black student to University of Mississippi. -Police Commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor: used violent threats to break up the marches -Governor George Wallace: stood in front of University of Alabama hoping to stop the enrollment of several black students

Question 47

March on Washington

Answer 47

a. The origins of the 1963 march on Washington go back to 1941 b. Call for another march in 1963 c. The Big Six leadership marched included; Randolph, James Farmer of CORE, Dr. Martin Luther King of the SCLC, John Lewis of the SNCC, Roy Wilkins of the NAACP, and Whitney Young of the National Urban League. d. Picked Bayard Rustin as the coordinator e. Goal: End Job discrimination f. promote several different issues under the umbrella of civil rights: discrimination in hiring and eliminating of segregation in public schools, protection against police brutality, in addition to improved public works programs, an increase in the federal minimum wage, and self-rule for the District of Columbia

Question 48

Freedom Summer

Answer 48

a. Summer of 1964, more than a thousand volunteers descended in Mississippi in order to encourage and assist African Americans in that state to register to vote. State and local laws made registration by blacks nearly impossible b. “Freedom Schools” were established in an attempt to combat the inequality in Mississippi school systems c. Had volunteers (mostly white northern college students) worked to create the schools and to register blacks to vote

Question 49

De Facto Segregation

Answer 49

“segregation in practice or in fact” – not by law a. Tried to fix by bussing in students

Question 50

Affirmative Action

Answer 50

ensure equality in education and employment a. 1965 executive order, Johnson required that the policy be followed by all federal contractors. The order barred discrimination in various forms against any employee or applicant because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and required employers to conspicuously post these rules in the workplace. b. quotas expected to be met c. “reverse discrimination” >Bakke case

Question 51

Race Riots - Cities

Answer 51

Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Louisville, Kansas City, and Chicago

Question 52

Commission on Civil Disorders

Answer 52

In 1968, this commission, chaired by Otto Kerner, decided that the race riots were due to the formation of two different American cultures: inner-city Blacks and suburban Whites.

Question 53

Black Power

Answer 53

a. Pioneered by militant leaders such as SNCC chairman Stokely Carmichael b. General tenets of Black Power included racial separation, black nationalism, and in some instances, the use of violence in order to achieve goals c. Conflicted with moderate views like those of King’s d. attractive to younger blacks who had grown tired of waiting for nonviolent protests to yield civil rights reforms e. “a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community.” f. Achieve own without the help of the whites. g. African American heritage revival

Question 54

Black Power - individuals

Answer 54

Stokely Carmichael

Question 55

President Kennedy - Struggle Against Communism Takes Place

Answer 55

JFK increasingly involved the U.S. in a struggle to defend democratic South Vietnam against Communist North Vietnam. This confrontation would eventually escalate into the Vietnam War, one of the least successful and most costly military campaigns in U.S. history

Question 56

Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 56

-Spy planes found soviet missiles in Cuba, a satellite of Russia, and warned SU about US retaliation if attacked. -US imposed a naval/air “quarantine” (blockade) around Cuba in response. -Khrushchev offered to turn the ships around in exchange for promise not to invade Cuba, JFK agreed. -US later quietly removed its own missiles from Turkey (pointed at SU). - no nuclear confrontation

Question 57

Assassination of King

Answer 57

a. April 1968, Martin Luther King traveled to Memphis to assist in an ongoing strike of the city’s sanitation workers b. April 4th shot on a motel balcony by James Earl Ray c. Reaction to the assassination was intense and widespread, with disturbances in several U.S. cities, including Washington D.C. Armed U.S. troops were stationed at the White House for the first time since the Civil War. d. marked a decline in the Civil Rights Movement as a whole. e. Ralph Abernathy became the new head of the SCLC

Question 58

Kerner Commission

Answer 58

In 1968, this commission, chaired by Otto Kerner, decided that the race riots were due to the formation of two different American cultures: inner-city Blacks and suburban Whites.

Question 59

President Kennedy - Biggest Cold War Challenge

Answer 59

Kennedy’s greatest Cold War challenge came in Cuba. Hoping to topple Cuba’s new pro-Communist revolutionary leader, Fidel Castro, Kennedy authorized the CIA to train and arm a force of more than 1,000 Cuban exiles and sent them to invade Cuba in the spring of 1961. When this Bay of Pigs invasion failed embarrassingly, Kennedy authorized several unsuccessful assassination attempts against Castro. Outraged, Castro turned to the USSR for economic aid and protection

Question 60

Major Source of Division within Civil Rights Movement

Answer 60

Black power had political manifestation- traditional black organizations that had emphasized cooperation with sympathetic whites (such as NAACP, SCLC) now faced competition from radical groups. SNCC was a radical student branch of SCLC, but by 1960’s, these groups called for radical and violent action against racism in white society ad were rejecting approaches of older, established black leaders.