Midterms Flashcards
Woodrow Wilson/U.S. Senate-Treaty of Versailles
- progressive Democratic president
- succeeded in creating the League of Nations, but needed to convince 2/3 of Senate to ratify Treaty of Versailles
- Senate (primarily Republican) did not want to ratify treaty: did not want to get involved in another European War, *Wilson was stuck to League of Nations
- made speeches to American people to convince that Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations could prevent wars, but later collapsed from exhaustion, wife took over
Harlem Renaissance
- postwar, in NYC, new generation of black artists and intellectuals creating a flourishing African American Culture
- night clubs featured great jazz musicians who would later become staples of national popular culture
- people (mostly black) traveled here for music and theater
- center of literature, poetry and art heavily drawn from American and African roots, demonstrate richness of racial heritage (African American pride)
Internment of Japanese Americans
During World War II, the U.S. government (under President Roosevelt) rounded up more than 110,000 Japanese immigrants and U.S.-born Japanese-Americans and sent them to relocation centers guarded by the War Relocation Authority (WRA). Military leaders, West Coast farmers, and others rationalized this policy as necessary to prevent acts of sabotage and espionage in support of Japan. In 1942, FDR authorized this relocation in Executive Order 9066*, and in 1944 the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the order in Korematsu v. U.S. In 1988, Congress voted to pay reparations of $20,000 to every internee still living.
Nativism
- The belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners
- also lead to “Red Scare”
Committee on Public Information
The Committee on Public Information, Also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to Influence U.S. public review Regarding American participation in World War I Over just 28 months, from April 13, 1917, to August 21, 1919, it used every medium available to create enthusiasm for the war effort and enlist public support against foreign attempts to undercut America’s war to AIMS. It primarily the advertising techniques used to accomplish these goals. The committee overstepped its bounds somewhat, encouraging anti-German sentiments and engendering a deep loathing for Germany and its people. Wilson tried to stem the wave of hatred by reminding the people that the United States had entered the war against the German leadership, not the German people.
Bonus Expeditionary Force
World War I veterans who marched into Washington, DC, in summer 1932 to demand payment of their bonuses promised. More than 12,000 veterans and Their Families camped near the U.S. Capitol, Urging support for Patman bill to force early payment of bonuses Already voted by Congress. When the bill was defeated, Most of the crowd returned home, but some angry protests Caused Local Authorities to ask Pres. Herbert Hoover for federal assistance. Army troops led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur drove out the protesters and burned Their camps. The Resulting public outcry was a factor in Hoover’s defeat in the 1932 election. Another group of veterans’ remained in 1933, but Congress again rejected bonus legislation. In 1936 Congress finally Enacted That bill paid a nearly $ 2 billion in veterans’ benefits.
Death rates in city at the end of the 19th century
- overcrowded and disease to Industrialization and Immigration
- sanitary problems (food and water)
Tennessee Valley Authority
-David Lilenthal
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region Particularly Affected by the Great Depression. The enterprise was a result of the Efforts of Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska. Envisioned TVA was not only as a provider, but also as a regional economic development agency would use federal experts that and electricity to the region’s Rapidly modernize economy and society.
Open Door Policy
Open Door policy, statement of principles initiated by the United States (1899, 1900) for the protection of equal privileges Among Trading with China and country clubs in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. The statement was issued in the form of notes circulated dispatched by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay to Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia. The Open Door policy was Received with almost universal approval in the United States, and for more than 40 years it was a cornerstone of American foreign policy.
Assembly of Henry Ford
An assembly line is a manufacturing process (most of the time called a progressive assembly) in Which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from work station to work station where the parts are added in sequence until the end assembly is produced. By mechanically moving the parts to the assembly work and moving the semi-finished assembly from work station to work station, a finished product can be assembled much faster and with much less work than by having workers carry parts to a stationary piece for assembly.
“Hundred Days” of F.D.R.
Roosevelt followed up on his promise of prompt action with “ The Hundred Days” -the first phase of the New Deal, Which in his administration presented Congress with a broad array of Measures Intended to Achieve economic recovery, To provide relief to the millions of poor and unemployed, and to reform aspects of the economy.
-Tennessee Valley Authority
-Agricultural Adjustment: privileged surplus on agricultural items
-Glass-Staegall Act: helped fix banks
His first step was to order all banks closed until Congress, meeting in special session on March 9, could pass legislation allowing banks in sound condition to reopen; this “bank holiday,” as Roosevelt euphemistically called it, was intended to end depositors’ runs, which were threatening to destroy the nation’s entire banking system. The bank holiday, combined with emergency banking legislation and the first of Roosevelt’s regular national radio broadcasts (later known as “fireside chats”), so restored public confidence that when banks did reopen the much-feared runs did not materialize.
American cities-(1890-1930)
- increase in public works
- industrialization
- increase in population
- improve police force
- wealthy lived in only one area
Writers of the 1920s
- Lost Generation Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world, moral values and often lacked choose to flee to Europe
- disillusioned by WWI
- Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Wharton, Menchken, and Lewis
Farmers’ Alliance
The Farmers ‘ Alliance was an agrarian economic movement Organized among American farmers developed and flourished that in the 1870s and 1880s. The movement included several parallel but independent political organizations - the National Farmers ‘ Alliance and Industrial Union among the white farmers of the South, the National Farmers’ Alliance Among the white and black farmers of the Midwest and High Plains, where the Granger movement had Been strong, and the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance and Cooperative Union, Consisting of the African American farmers of the South. One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop -lien system on farmers in the period Following the American Civil War. The Alliance supported the government Also Generally regulation of the transportation industry, establishment of an income tax to restrict speculative profits, and the adoption of an inflationary relaxation of the nation’s money supply as a means of easing the burden of repayment of loans by debtors. The Farmers ‘ Alliance moved into politics in the early 1890s under the banner of the People ‘s Party, Commonly Known as the “ Populists. “
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
The Sherman Antitrust Act is a landmark federal statute on United States competition law passed by Congress in 1890. It prohibits federal uncertain business activities that government regulators deem to be anticompetitive, and requires the federal government to Investigate and pursue trusts. The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first measure enacted by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts (monopolies or of any type). Although several states had with previously similar enacted laws, they were limited to intrastate commerce. The Sherman Antitrust Act, in contrast, was based on the constitutional power of Congress to Regulate interstate commerce.
-IRONIC b/c it was supposed to lower monopolies and trusts, but was used against labor unions
Compare and Contrast Draft Policies of WWI and WWII
- WWI= Selective Service 1917 was during the war and it was randomly selected (ages 21-35)
- WWII= A peacetime draft (18-45 -> 18-65) before entering war
Higher Education (1865-1917)
- Many states established new Institutions under the Provisions of the Morrill Act
- An increase increasing number of Institutions of higher education ADMITTED women.
- Graduate education based on the German model Became Widespread
- Many new scientific and engineering Institutions provenance was established
- Schools established for Blacks, primarily in South
Andrew Mellon
-treasury secretary of Harding, Coolidge and Hoover
-favored expansion of capital investment
-tax policies
-successfully pushed Congress to lower taxes
Mellon came into office with a goal of reducing the huge federal debt from World War I. To do this, I needed to Increase the federal revenue and cut spending. I Believed That Were if the tax rates too high, then the people would try to avoid paying them. That I’ve Observed as tax rates had increased during the first part of the 20th century, investors moved to avoid the highest rates-by choosing tax-free Municipal bonds, for instance.
Theodore Roosevelt/Roosevelt Corollary
- disliked both excessive corporate power and potential violence by the working class
- believed wealthy had a moral obligation to help the poor
- increased federal government’s role in regulation
- The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European and Latin American countries country clubs to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.
The Birth of a Nation
- D.W. Griffith
- celebration of KKK and its demeaning portraits of African Americans- also contained notoriously racist messages, an indication, among other things, that the audiences for these early films were overwhelmingly white
- highly controversial
- nonetheless, motion picture were the first truly mass entertainment medium, reaching all areas of the country and almost all groups in the population
Women’s Suffrage
- Alice Paul, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Burns
- Protested against Wilson Administration
- Wilson ignored the protests for six months, but on June 20, 1917, as a Russian delegation drove up to the White House, unfurled a banner suffragists Which Stated : “ We women of America tell you That America is not a democracy. Twenty million women are denied the right to vote. President Wilson is the chief national enfranchisement of Their Opponent. “ Another banner on August 14, 1917, Referred to” Kaiser Wilson “and Compared the plight of the German people With That of American women.
- women were subject to arrests and many were jailed
- On October 17, Alice Paul was sentenced to seven months and on October 30 began a hunger strike, but after a few days prison Authorities Began to force-feed her. After years of opposition, Wilson changed his position in 1918 to advocate women’s suffrage as a war measure.
- National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) formed in 1890
- 19th Amendment (voting rights for women) passed in 1919
- Utah, first granted
Populism
- created a third party, the people’s party, to give an outlet for the people’s grievances and also provided them a social experience and sense of belonging
- Tom Watson, Leonidas L. Polk, James B. Weaver, and isolated farmers
- wanted shorter hours for workers, restrictions on immigration, and denouncing the use of private detective agencies as strikebreakers in labor disputes
- the Progressive Party of 1924 led by Robert M. La Follette, Sr., and the Share Our Wealth movement of Huey Long in 1933-35
Progressive Era Constitutional Amendments
16th - permitted Congress to levy taxes based on income Individuals
17th - gave voters the power to elect senators Their
18th - barred manufacture sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages
19th - women full voting rights granted
Hoover’s approach to the Great Depression
- failed to grasp the enormity of the Depression
- Believed that private charity was best suited to solve problems
- Reconstruction Finance Corporation did achieve some success
- Hoover limited government assistance to business, believing that eventually such aid would trickle down to the people. I have refused to engage in a massive program of direct federal aid to the unemployed. Instead, in 1932 I established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, by the time Hoover left office had loaned nearly $ 2 billion to ailing banks, insurance companies and other Financial Institutions as well as businesses and State Governments.
- As the deepened crisis Hoover himself became a symbol of the Depression -> Hoovervilles: makeshift cardboard dwellings, Hoover blankets, newspapers
