Chapter 27 - Amines, Aminos Acids, and Chirality

Question 1

Conditions for hydrolysing polymers:

Answer 1

Hot aqueous alkali or hot aqueous acid

Question 2

How are polyamides formed from two functional groups?

Answer 2

An ester bond forms between the amine group and the carboxyl group, releasing water

Question 3

How are polyamides formed from one monomer?

Answer 3

A condensation reaction occurs between the amine group and the carboxyl group to form an ester link and release water

Question 4

What are the two ways in which a polyamide can be formed?

Answer 4

One monomer with a carboxylic and amine group

Two monomers with two of each of these groups

Question 5

What are polyamides?

Answer 5

Condensation polymers formed by amide bonds between monomers

Question 6

How are polyesters made from two monomers?

Answer 6

One monomer is a diol
One monomers is a dicarboxylic acid
A hydroxyl group reacts with a carboxyl group to form an ester link and water

Question 7

How are polyesters made from one monomer?

Answer 7

The monomer contains both a carboxylic acid group and an alcohol group

Question 8

How are polyesters formed?

Answer 8

Monomers are joined

Question 9

What is needed for condensation polymerisation?

Answer 9

Two different functional groups

Question 10

What is produced during condensation polymerisation?

Answer 10

Monomers upon and lose a molecule of water

Question 11

What are the two condensation polymers we study?

Answer 11

Polyesters and polyamides

Question 12

How do you draw optical isomers?

Answer 12

Use the three types of line to draw them in 3D either sides of a ‘mirror’

Question 13

What are optical isomers?

Answer 13

Non-superimposable mirror images

Question 14

What is a chiral centre?

Answer 14

A carbon atom bonded to four different atoms/groups

Question 15

Why do amino acids show optical isomerism?

Answer 15

They have a chiral centre

Question 16

Which type of molecules will show optical isomerism?

Answer 16

Those with a chiral centre

Question 17

What is another word for optical isomers?

Answer 17

Enantiomers

Question 18

What are amides?

Answer 18

Acyl chloride reacts with ammonia or amine

Question 19

What happens when amino acids are esterified?

Answer 19

Reacted with alcohol
Concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst
Carboxylic acid group is esterified and amine group is protonated

Question 20

What happens when an amino acid reacts with an alkali?

Answer 20

The carboxylic acid group reacts to form a salt and water

Question 21

What happens when an amino acid reacts with an acid?

Answer 21

The amine group reacts and a salt is produced

Question 22

General formula of an alpha amino acid:

Answer 22

RCH(NH2)COOH

Question 23

How do you make aromatic amines?

Answer 23

Heat nitrobenzene under reflux with tin and hydrochloric acid
The ammonium salt is reacted with excess NaOH

Question 24

How do you make a secondary amine?

Answer 24

You react the primary amine with a haloalkane again so further substitution occurs
An ammonium salt is produced

Question 25

What are the essential conditions needed to make a primary amine?

Answer 25

Ethanol is used as the solvent and excess ammonia is used

Question 26

How do you make a primary amine?

Answer 26

A molecule of ammonia acts as a nucleophile in a reaction with a haloalkane An alkali reacts with the ammonium salt to form the amine

Question 27

What is produced when an amine reacts with acids?

Answer 27

A salt is produced

Question 28

What happens when an amine reacts as a base?

Answer 28

The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen accepts a proton and a dative covalent bond is formed

Question 29

How do you name amines where two or more compounds are attached to the nitrogen atom?

Answer 29

It is a N substituted derivative of the larger group

Question 30

How do you name secondary or tertiary amines?

Answer 30

The prefixes di- or tri- are used to indicate the number of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom

Question 31

How to name a primary amine where the amine group isn't on carbon 1?

Answer 31

Use the prefix amino- and a number to indicate the position on the chain

Question 32

How do you name a primary amine where the amine group is on carbon 1?

Answer 32

Add the suffix -amine onto the name of the alkyl chain

Question 33

What is a tertiary amine?

Answer 33

Three R groups

Question 34

What is a secondary amine?

Answer 34

Two hydrogens, one R

Question 35

What is a primary amine?

Answer 35

One hydrogen, two R groups

Question 36

What are aromatic amines?

Answer 36

The nitrogen is attached to a benzene ring

Question 37

What are aliphatic amines?

Answer 37

The nitrogen is attached to at least one carbon chain

Question 38

What are amines?

Answer 38

Organic compounds