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Biology 112 > Chapter 27- Phylogenies And The History Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 27- Phylogenies And The History Of Life Flashcards

0
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

A diagram of the ancestor-descendant relationships among populations or species.

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1
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

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2
Q

Branch

A

Represents a population through time.

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3
Q

Nodes/Fork

A

Represents the point in time when an ancestral species split into two or more descendant species.

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4
Q

Tip/Terminal Node

A

Represents a group living today or that ended in extinction.

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5
Q

Phenetic Approach

A

Estimates trees based on computing a statistic that summarizes the overall similiarity among populations.

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6
Q

Cladistic Approach

A

Infers trees based on the realizations n that relationships among species can be reconstructed by indentifying shared derived characters.

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7
Q

Ancestral Trait

A

A characteristic that existed in an ancestor.

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8
Q

Derived Trait

A

A trait that is a modified form of the ancestral trait.

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9
Q

Homology

A

When traits are similar due to shared ancestry.

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10
Q

Homoplasy

A

When traits are similar for reasons other than common ancestry.

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11
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

When natural selection favors similar solutions to the problems posed by a similar way of making a living.

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12
Q

Parsimony

A

The most likely explanation or pattern is the one that implies the least amount of change.

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13
Q

SINE(Short Interspersed Nuclear Element)

A

Parasitic gene sequences that occasionally insert themselves into the genomes of mammals.

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14
Q

Fossil

A

A piece of physical evidence from an organism that lived in the past.

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15
Q

Fossil Record

A

The total collection of fossils that have been found throughout the world.

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16
Q

Paleontologists

A

Scientists who study fossils.

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17
Q

Precambrian Interval

A

The interval in between the creation of the Earth and the appearance of most animal groups.

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18
Q

Cast

A

A mold of the remains of an organism.

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19
Q

Paleozoic Era

A

The era in which animals, land plants, and fungi were created and diversified.

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20
Q

Mesozoic Era

A

Began with the end-Permian extinction events and ended with the extinction of the dinosaurs.

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21
Q

Cenozoic

A

Era divided into the Paleogene period and Neogene period. Includes today’s events.

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22
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

When a single lineage produces many descendant species that live in a wide diversity of habitats and use a wide array of resources.

23
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

An event of vast amounts of adaptive radiation during the Cambrian period.

24
Q

Fauna

A

Collection of animal species.

25
Q

Max Extinction

A

The rapid extinction of a large number of lineages scattered throughout the tree of life.

26
Q

Background Extinction

A

The lower, average rate of extinction observed when a mass extinction is not occurring.

27
Q

Impact Hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that an asteroid struck Earth and caused the extinction of the dinosaurs.

28
Q

Hox genes

A

Genes that determine organization of the body plan during development.

29
Q

Astragalus

A

An ankle bone.

30
Q

Artiodactyl

A

Group of organisms with a pulley-shaped astragalus.

31
Q

Burgess Shale Fauna

A

The first arthropods.

32
Q

Ediacarian Fauna

A

Sponges, jellyfish, comb jellies.

33
Q

Habitat Bias

A

Organisms living in areas where sedimenta are actively being deposited are more likely to form fossils.

34
Q

Taxonomic Bias

A

Organisms with hard parts are most likely to leave fossil evidence.

35
Q

Tissue Bias

A

Hard tissues are more likely to be fossilized that soft tissues.

36
Q

Abundance Bias

A

Species that were abundance are more likely to leave fossil evidence

37
Q

Monophyletic Groups/Clade/Lineage

A

A group of an ancestral population, all of its descendants, and only those descendants.

38
Q

Polytomy

A

A node in a phylogeny with more than two descendant lineages.

39
Q

Taxon

A

Any unit used in the science of biological classification.

40
Q

Genetic Distance

A

The measure of genetic divergence between species.

41
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A trait that is shared by species with a common ancestor, and is unique to that lineage and found in no others.

42
Q

Shared Derived Characteristics

A

A trait evolved in an ancestral species that is shared by all its descendants.

43
Q

Fossilization

A

The creation of a fossil.

44
Q

Permineralized Fossils

A

Fossils created when the spaces between cells is replaced by minerals.

45
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

Type of dating where ratio of parent to daughter radiation atoms is used to exactly date a mineral.

46
Q

Molecular Clock

A

The theory that some evolutionary changes occur in a certain rate, like a clock.

47
Q

Diversification

A

The creation of more biodiversity through genetic divergence.

48
Q

Ecological Opportunity

A

When an organism takes advantage of the lack of competitors and acclimates itself to fit the environment.

49
Q

Ecological Niche

A

The role and position an organism/species has in its environment.

50
Q

Doushantou Microfossils

A

Pre Cambrian microfossils of tiny organisms found in China.

51
Q

End-Permian Extinction

A

Mass extinction that ended the Permian and began the Triassic.

52
Q

Iridium

A

An element found in large amounts in space, often found in meteor impacts sites.

53
Q

Shocked Quartz

A

Quartz with a unique structure that forms when under heavy pressure but limited temperature.

54
Q

Microtektite

A

A tektite, a material mainly made of silica, of less than a millimeter in size.

Biology 112 (12 decks)

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