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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 27: Pons > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Pons Flashcards

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1
Q

Pons is Latin for bridge, and the pons is the bridge between the midbrain and the _____.

A
  • Medulla
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2
Q

The pons is also the bridge between the brainstem and the _____.

A
  • Cerebellum
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3
Q

The ventral (or anterior) half of the _____ is full of pontine nuclei.

A
  • Pons
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4
Q

Pontine nuclei, in the strict sense, are confined to the _____ half of the ___.

A
  • Ventral

- Pons

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5
Q

The _____ share the ventral half, or base, of the pons with the axons of the corticospinal tracts.

A
  • Pontine nuclei
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6
Q

The base of the pons contains the _____ and the myelinated fibers of the _____ tracts.

A
  • Pontine nuclei

- Corticospinal

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7
Q

The retrotrapezoid nucleus, which detects CO2, lies between the base of the pons and the facial nucleus just superior (or rostral) to boundary between the _____ and the _____.

A
  • Pons

- Medulla

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8
Q

The retrotrapezoid nucleus is just dorsal (or posterior) to the _____ of the _____ in the most caudal part of the _____.

A
  • Base
  • Pons
  • Pons
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9
Q

The _____ is the body’s principal CO2 detector.

A
  • Retrotrapezoid nucleus
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10
Q

The pontine nuclei in the _____ of the _____ receive input from the ipsilateral motor cortex of the cerebrum about its intentions.

A
  • Base

- Pons

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11
Q

Axons from the motor cortex of the cerebrum synapse on neurons in the _____ pontine nuclei.

A
  • Ipsilateral
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12
Q

Neurons in the pontine nuclei signal the intentions of the _____ of the _____ to neurons in the contralateral cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Motor cortex

- Cerebrum

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13
Q

Axons of neurons in pontine nuclei synapse on neurons in the _____ cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Contralateral
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14
Q

The left cerebellar cortex receives information about the intentions of the _____ cerebral cortex from neurons in the _____ side of the base of the pons.

A
  • Right

- Right

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15
Q

The left cerebellar cortex then assists the _____ cerebral cortex in carrying out an action.

A
  • Right
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16
Q

Axons from the pontine nuclei to the _____ side of the cerebellum make up the middle cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Contralateral
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17
Q

The right middle cerebellar peduncle consists of axons of neurons in the _____ pontine nuclei that synapse on neurons in the _____ cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Left

- Right

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18
Q

Each _____ is made up of axons from neurons in the _____ side of the _____ of the pons.

A
  • Middle
  • Contralateral
  • Base
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19
Q

The left side of the cerebellum projects to the _____ side of the forebrain through the left superior cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Right
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20
Q

Each side of the cerebellum projects to the contralateral side of the forebrain through the ipsilateral _____.

A
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
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21
Q

Because the cerebellum is dorsal (or posterior) to the fourth ventricle, the superior cerebellar peduncles leave the cerebellum _____ to the fourth ventricle.

A
  • Dorsal
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22
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncles leave the _____ dorsal (or posterior) to the fourth ventricle and remain in the roof of the fourth ventricle until they reach the lower midbrain.

A
  • Cerebellum
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23
Q

The left superior cerebellar peduncle reaches the _____ side of the forebrain by crossing under the cerebral aqueduct in the lower (or caudal) midbrain.

A
  • Right
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24
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncles cross each other ventral to the _____ in the _____.

A
  • Cerebral aqueduct

- Lower midbrain

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25
The crossing (or decussation) of the superior cerebellar peduncles is a prominent feature of the _____.
- Lower midbrain
26
The superior cerebellar peduncles are in the lateral sides of the roof of the _____.
- Fourth ventricle
27
The ventral half of the pons is the _____; the dorsal half is the tegmentum.
- Base
28
The part of the pons between the base and the fourth ventricle is the _____.
- Tegmentum
29
The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is in the dorsolateral corner of the _____ of the pons.
- Tegmentum
30
The _____ nucleus of the trigeminal is present only at the mid-pontine level.
- Motor
31
The spinal tract and nucleus of the trigeminal descend from the midpontine level in the lateral part of the _____ of the _____.
- Tegmentum | - Pons
32
The spinal tract and nucleus of the trigeminal are just ventral to the lateral vestibular nucleus in the _____ of the lower (or caudal) pons.
- Tegmentum
33
The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal extends upward (or rostrad) from the mid pontine level in the lateral wall of the _____.
- Fourth ventricle
34
The mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal is ventral to the _____.
- Superior cerebellar peduncle.
35
The nucleus ceruleus is in the dorsal part of the _____ of the middle and upper pons ventral and medial to the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal.
- Tegmentum
36
The nucleus ceruleus is an essential alertness center in the _____ of the middle and upper pons.
- Dorsal tegmentum
37
Neurons in the _____ project to many other brain centers to keep them awake.
- Nucleus ceruleus
38
Projections of the nucleus ceruleus release norepinephrine in several forebrain nuclei to increase _____.
- Alertness (wakefulness)
39
The _____ is the principal source of norepinephrine in the central nervous system.
- Nucleus ceruleus
40
The nucleus ceruleus is ventral and medial to the _____ tract of the _____.
- Mesencephalic | - Trigeminal
41
The medial lemniscus is a thick vertical ribbon of _____ matter in the medulla, but it becomes a thick horizontal ribbon of _____ matter in the pons.
- White | - White
42
The medial lemniscus is a thick _____ ribbon of white matter forming the ventral (or anterior) border of the tegmentum in the pons.
- Horizontal
43
The ventral trigeminothalamic tract is a thin ribbon of _____ on the dorsal side of the medial lemniscus.
- White matter
44
Since the ventral trigeminothalamic tract carries _____ information from the _____ side of the face from the _____ of the _____ to the thalamus, it cannot be present below the mid-pontine level.
- Epicritic - Contralateral - Principal sensory nucleus - Trigeminal
45
The ventral trigeminothalamic tract which carries _____ information from the _____ side of the face is on the dorsal side of the _____ which carries _____ information from the _____ side of the body.
- Epicritic - Contralateral - Medial lemniscus - Epicritic - Contralateral
46
The ventral trigeminothalamic tract is ventral to the central tegmental tract and dorsal to the _____ in the middle and upper pontine levels.
- Medial lemniscus
47
The central tegmental tract, which carries information from the red nucleus to the _____, is dorsal to the _____ tract.
- Inferior olivary nucleus | - Ventral trigeminothalamic
48
The nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, a relay center for _____, is on the lateral side of the central tegmental tract at the mid-pontine level.
- Hearing
49
The lateral lemniscus, which carries auditory information from the _____ to the _____, is on the lateral side of the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
- Superior olivary nucleus | - Inferior colliculus
50
The lateral lemniscus is on the lateral side of the _____ of the _____.
- Nucleus | - Lateral lemniscus
51
The nucleus of the lateral lemniscus on the lateral side of the _____.
- Central tegmental tract
52
The central tegmental tract is _____ to the medial lemniscus.
- Dorsal
53
The lateral lemniscus is _____ to the medial lemniscus.
- Dorsolateral
54
The lateral lemniscus ascends from the superior olivary nucleus to the inferior colliculus through the lateral side of the _____ of the _____.
- Tegmentum | - Pons
55
The anterolateral system, formed by the merger of the _____, _____, and spinoreticular tract ascends through the pons between the lateral lemniscus and the middle cerebellar peduncle.
- Lateral spinothalamic tract | - Anterior spinothalamic tract
56
The anterolateral system is _____ to the lateral lemniscus in the pons.
- Lateral
57
The pontine reticular formation is a network of neurons and axons occupying most of the tegmentum of the _____.
- Pons
58
Some neurons in the pontine reticular formation have long axons that form the _____.
- Medial (pontine) reticulospinal tract
59
The axons in the medial reticulospinal tract synapse on internuncial neurons that control lower motor neurons for _____ of the _____.
- Extensors | - Lower extremity
60
Neurons in the pontine reticular formation project through only the _____ medial reticulospinal tract, but neurons in the medullary reticulospinal tract project through _____ reticulospinal tracts.
- Ipsilateral | - Both lateral
61
The nucleus raphe magnus is on the midline between the _____ and _____ reticular formations in the lower (or caudal) pons.
- Right | - Left
62
The nucleus raphe magnus gets its name from its _____ because a raphe is where two sides join.
- Location (position)
63
The nucleus raphe magnus is on the midline of the tegmentum of the lower pons between the right and left sides of the reticular formation.
- Tegmentum | - Reticular formation
64
Pain transmission in the spinal cord is inhibited by projections of the _____ through the raphespinal tract.
- Nucleus raphe magnus
65
Axons in the raphespinal tract release enkephalin in the posterior horn of the spinal cord to inhibit the transmission of _____.
- Pain
66
The release of _____ in the posterior horn of the spinal cord _____ the transmission of pain.
- Enkephalin | - Inhibits
67
Projections of the _____ through the _____ tract inhibit pain transmission in the posterior horn of the spinal cord by releasing _____.
- Nucleus raphe magnus - Raphespinal - Enkephalin
68
The rostral half of the _____ lies between the pons and the cerebellum.
- 4th ventricle
69
The corticospinal tract pass through the _____ of the pons.
- Base
70
Pontine nuclei surround the _____ in the base of the pons.
- Corticospinal tract
71
Pontine nuclei receive projections from the _____.
- Ipsilateral cerebral cortex
72
Pontine nuclei project to the _____ cortex through the _____.
- Contralateral cerebellar | - Middle cerebellar peduncle
73
Pontine projections to the cerebellar cortex are more important for _____ than for _____.
- Coordination | - Muscle tone
74
The facial nucleus in the tegmentum of the _____ pons contains _____ motor neurons for facial muscles.
- Caudal (lower) | - Lower
75
The retrotrapezoid nucleus superficial to the _____ monitors _____.
- Facial nucleus | - Carbon dioxide
76
The _____ nuclei which surround the superior cerebellar peduncles in the _____ pons regulate the timing of _____.
- Parabrachial - Rostral (upper) - Exhalation
77
The reticular formation in the _____ of the pons projects to internuncial neurons for _____ through the _____ tract.
- Tegmentum - Extensors - Ipsilateral medial reticulospinal tract
78
The _____ in the lateral periventricular gray of the pons is a critical wakefulness center.
- Nucleus ceruleus (locus ceruleus)

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