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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 31: Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebellum > Flashcards

Chapter 31: Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebellum Flashcards

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1
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by the _____ peduncles.

A
  • Cerebellar
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2
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the pons by the _____.

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncles
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3
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the medulla by the _____.

A
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle
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4
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the midbrain by the _____.

A
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
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5
Q

The fibers in the middle cerebellar peduncle are axons of neurons in the _____.

A
  • Pontine nuclei
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6
Q

The fibers from all 3 cerebellar peduncles are distributed to the overlying cerebellar cortex in a tree of white matter called the arbor vitae due to its resemblance to the leaves of the _____ tree.

A
  • Arbor vitae
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7
Q

The arbor vitae is deep to the _____.

A
  • Cerebellar cortex
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8
Q

The pontine nuclei are in the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Base

- Pons

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9
Q

The neurons in the pontine nuclei receive input from neurons in the ipsilateral _____.

A
  • Cerebral cortex
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10
Q

The pontine nuclei project to the cerebellar cortex through the contralateral _____.

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle
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11
Q

Deep to the cortex of the cerebellum, the pontocerebellar fibers are part of the _____.

A
  • Arbor vitae
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12
Q

The axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei pass through the _____ to synapse on granule cells in the deep layer of the cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Arbor vitae
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13
Q

The axon of each neuron in the pontine nuclei synapses on several _____.

A
  • Granule cells
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14
Q

Most of the neurons in the _____ layer of the cerebellar _____ are granule cells.

A
  • Deep (inner)

- Cortex

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15
Q

The deep layer of the cerebellar cortex is usually called the _____ cell layer.

A
  • Granule
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16
Q

An axon that synapses on granule cells is called a “mossy fiber” because it has many short branches like a tuft of _____.

A
  • Moss
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17
Q

Each granule cell sends an _____ into the superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex where it branches into 2 horizontal fibers (or parallel fibers).

A
  • Axon
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18
Q

Horizontal fibers are branches of axons of _____ that run parallel to the surface of the cerebellum in the molecular layer, which is the superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Granule cells
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19
Q

The horizontal fibers synapse on the dendrites of Purkinje cells in the _____ layer of the _____.

A
  • Molecular layer

- Cerebellar cortex

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20
Q

Each horizontal fiber synapses on the _____ of several Purkinje cells in the molecular layer.

A
  • Dendrites
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21
Q

Although their branching dendrites are in the _____ layer, the huge perikarya of the Purkinje cells are in the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex, which is usually called the Purkinje cell layer.

A
  • Molecular
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22
Q

The pattern of _____ in the deep later, _____ in the middle layer, and _____ of _____ in the superficial layer is repeated throughout the cortex of the cerebellum.

A
  • Granule cells
  • Purkinje fibers
  • Dendrites
  • Purkinje cells
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23
Q

Granule cells get input from _____ fibers and project to Purkinje cells through _____ fibers.

A
  • Horizontal

- Mossy fibers

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24
Q

The arbor vitae contains axons of neurons in the _____ that are distributed to the cerebellar cortex and axons of Purkinje cells leaving the cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Pontine nuclei
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25
The cerebellar cortex is folded around the twigs of the _____ to form folia (literally, leaves).
- Arbor vitae
26
The restiform body is made up of axons in the _____, the _____, and the _____.
- Posterior spinocerebellar tract - Cuneocerebellar tract - Olivocerebellar tract
27
All axons in the restiform body project to the cortex of the _____.
- Cerebellum
28
Each of the axons from the posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract synapse on several granule cells in the _____ layer of the _____ of the _____.
- Deep (granular) - Cortex - Cerebellum
29
Thus, axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts end as _____ fibers on _____ cells.
- Mossy | - Granule
30
The axons of neurons in the inferior olivary nuclei also enter the cerebellum as part of the _____.
- Restiform body
31
The axon of an inferior olivary nucleus neuron has a few branches each of which climbs up the dendrites of a single Purkinje cell in the _____ layer of the _____ of the _____.
- Molecular - Cortex - Cerebellum
32
The branches of the axons of inferior olivary nucleus neurons are called climbing fibers because they _____ up the dendrites of Purkinje cells.
- Climb
33
A climbing fiber synapses on the dendrites of _____ Purkinje cell, but a horizontal fiber synapses on the dendrites of _____ Purkinje cells.
- A few | - Many
34
Climbing fibers come only from the _____ _____.
- Contralateral | - Inferior olivary nucleus
35
Mossy fibers come from contralateral _____ or the ipsilateral _____ and _____ tracts.
- Pontine nuclei - Posterior spinocerebellar - Cuneocerebellar
36
The pontine nuclei project to the cerebellum through the _____.
- Middle cerebellar peduncle
37
The posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum as part of the _____.
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle (or restiform body)
38
Most axons from pontine nuclei synapse in the lateral part of the _____ cerebellar cortex.
- Contralateral
39
Most axons in the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts synapse in the central part of the _____ cerebellar cortex.
- Ipsilateral
40
All information reaching the cerebellar cortex eventually reaches _____ cells whose axons project to the deep cerebellar nuclei.
- Purkinje cells
41
The deep cerebellar nuclei are often called the roof nuclei because most are in the _____ of the 4th ventricle.
- Roof
42
Since "juxta" is Latin for beside, the juxtarestiform body is beside the _____.
- Restiform body
43
The restiform body is the lateral 4/5 of the _____.
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
44
The _____ of the inferior cerebellar peduncle is the juxtarestiform body in which fibers project to and from the cortex of the cerebellum.
- Medial 1/5
45
All axons in the restiform body project to the cortex of the _____, but some axons in the juxtarestiform body project _____ the cortex of the cerebellum _____ vestibular nuclei.
- Cerebellum - From - To
46
The cerebellar connections of the vestibular nuclei with the cerebellum make up the medial 1/5 of the inferior cerebellar peduncle which is called the _____.
- Juxtarestiform body
47
The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the _____ on the medial side of the middle cerebellar peduncle.
- Cerebellum
48
The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the cerebellum _____ to the middle cerebellar peduncle and lateral to the 4th ventricle.
- Medial
49
The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the cerebellum between the _____ and the _____.
- Middle cerebellar peduncle | - 4th ventricle
50
The 4th ventricle is _____ to the juxtarestiform body, the juxtarestiform body is _____ to the restiform body, and the restiform body is _____ to the middle cerebellar peduncle.
- Medial - Medial - Medial
51
Axons from the vestibular nuclei are mossy fibers that synapse on _____ in the cerebellar cortex.
- Granule cells
52
A few axons from the vestibular ganglion accompany the axons from the vestibular nuclei entering the cerebellum in the _____.
- Juxtarestiform body
53
Granule cells project to _____ via _____ fibers.
- Purkinje cells | - Horizontal
54
Granule cells receiving vestibular projections synapse on _____ that project to the fastigial nuclei in the center of the roof of the 4th ventricle.
- Pirkinje cells
55
Granule cells in the cerebellar cortex receive projections from the _____ and the _____ through the juxtarestiform body.
- Vestibular nuclei | - Vestibular ganglion
56
The granule cells receiving vestibular input through the _____ are in the cortex of the flocculonodular lobe which formed from the caudal edge of the roof of the metencephalon.
- Juxtarestiform body
57
The flocculonodular lobe formed from the _____ edge of the roof of the metencephalon.
- Posterior
58
The granule cells receiving vestibular input project to Purkinje cells in the cortex of the _____ lobe.
- Flocculonodular
59
Because it receives vestibular input, the _____ is concerned with balance.
- Flocculonodular lobe
60
The _____ is often called the vestibulocerebellum.
- Flocculonodular lobe
61
Because they receive projections of Purkinje cells in the _____, the fastigial nuclei are primarily concerned with _____.
- Flocculonodular lobe | - Balance
62
As the roof of the metencephalon grew, the caudal (or inferior) edge which became the flocculonodular lobe was tucked under the rest of the cerebellum so that the _____ lobe is positioned superior to the posterior lobe in the middle of the anterior surface of the cerebellum.
- Flocculonodular
63
The nodulus is in the center of the _____ lobe, and the paired flocculi extend laterad from it.
- Flocculonodular
64
The entire cortex of the cerebellum is folded into leaflets called folia (singular:folium) which _____ its surface area.
- Increase
65
The grooves between the _____ of the cerebellar cortex are called sulci (singular; sulcus).
- Folia
66
The _____ in the flocculus and nodulus project to the fastigial nuclei in the center of the _____ of the 4th ventricle.
- Purkinje cells | - Roof
67
The Purkinje cells in each flocculus project only to the ipsilateral _____, but each fastigial nucleus projects bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei.
- Fastigial nucleus
68
The Purkinje cells on each side of the nodulus project to only the ipsilateral _____, but each fastigial nucleus projects bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei.
- Fastigial nucleus
69
The vestibular nuclei receive direct projections from both _____ and from Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral flocculus.
- Fastigial nuclei
70
The vestibular nuclei receive direct projections from both _____ and from Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral side of the nodulus.
- Fastigial nuclei
71
The fastigial nuclei project _____ to the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation of the pons and medulla.
- Bilaterally
72
The pontine and medullary reticular formations receive projections from both _____ but not from Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular cortex.
- Fastigial nuclei
73
The Purkinje cells that project to the vestibular nuclei are the only Purkinje cells whose axons do not synapse in _____.
- Deep cerebellar peduncle (cerebellar roof nuclei)
74
The fastigial nuclei and some _____ in the flocculi and nodulus project to the vestibular nuclei through the juxtarestiform body.
- Purkinje cells
75
The juxtarestiform body contains fibers that carry messages _____ and _____ the cerebellum, but the restiform body contains only fibers that carry messages _____ the cerebellum.
- To | - From
76
The juxtarestiform body is _____ to the restiform body in the _____.
- Medial | - Inferior cerebellar peduncle
77
Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract enter the arbor vitae as part of the _____.
- Ipsilateral | - Restiform body
78
The _____ is composed of all axons to and from the cerebellar cortex.
- Arbor vitae
79
Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellar cortex as _____ fibers that synapse on _____ cells.
- Mossy | - Granule
80
Axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei end in the _____ cerebellar cortex as _____ fibers that synapse on _____ cells.
- Contralateral - Mossy - Granule
81
Each granule cell projects to the dendrites of many _____ cells through _____ fibers.
- Purkinje | - Horizontal (parallel)
82
Axons of neurons in the inferior and accessory olivary nuclei enter the _____ arbor vitae and split into _____ fibers
- Contralateral | - Climbing
83
Each climbing fiber makes _____ synapses with the _____ of _____.
- Many - Dendrites - One - Purkinje cell
84
Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular lobes project to the _____ nuclei and the _____ nuclei.
- Fastigial | - Vestibular
85
Fastigial nuclei project _____ to the _____ and the _____ of the brainstem through the _____.
- Bilaterally - Vestibular nuclei - Reticular formation - Juxtarestiform body
86
Except for those in the flocculonodular lobe, Purkinje cells project only to _____ nuclei.
- Deep cerebellar
87
Except for the fastigial nucleus, all deep cerebellar nuclei project to the _____ and the thalamus through the _____.
- Red nucleus | - Superior cerebellar peduncle

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