Chapter 27: Virtualization

Question 1

The process of using software to create multiple independent virtual servers.

Answer 1

Server Virtualization

Question 2

The process of virtualizing specific network functions so they can be run in common x86 hardware instead of a dedicated appliance.

Answer 2

Network Functions Virtualization

Question 3

Virtualization using containers.

Answer 3

Containerization

Question 4

A software emulation of a physical server with an operating system.

Answer 4

Virtual machine

Question 5

An isolated environment where containerized applications run.

Answer 5

Container

Question 6

A software version of a physical Layer 2 switch

Answer 6

vSwitch

Question 7

Which platform plays the role of the orchestrator in Cisco’s Enterprise NFV solution?

Answer 7

Cisco DNA Center

Question 8

One of the main reasons server virtualization is popular.

Answer 8

Underutilized hardware resources

Question 9

T/F

VMs and containers increase the overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness of a server by maximizing the use of the available resources.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The virtualization software that creates VMs and performs the hardware abstraction that allows multiple VMs to run concurrently.

Answer 10

Hypervisor

Question 11

This type of hypervisor runs directly on the system hardware.

Answer 11

Type 1

Question 12

This type of hypervisor requires a host OS to run.

Answer 12

Type 2

Question 13

T/F

A container is a lightweight VM.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

T/F

Virtual machines share the same OS and remain isolated from each other.

Answer 14

False.

Containers share the same OS and remain isolated from each other.

Question 15

T/F

A virtual machine contains a large number of components that are not really required to run.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

T/F

Containers share the underlying resources of the host operating system.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

A file created by a container engine that includes the application code along with its dependencies

Answer 17

Container image

Question 18

Enables VMs to communicate with each other within a virtualized server and with external physical networks through the physical network interface cards (pNICs).

Answer 18

vSwitch

Question 19

T/F

Network traffic cannot flow directly from one vSwitch to another vSwitch within the same host.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Benefits of distributed virtual switching.

Answer 20

• Centralized management of vSwitch configuration for multiple hosts in a cluster, which simplifies administration.
• Migration of networking statistics and policies with virtual machines during a live VM migration.
• Configuration consistency across all the hosts that are part of the distributed switch.

Question 21

Default subnet for Docker0

Answer 21

172.16.0.0/16

Question 22

A vSwitch is also known as a ______ ______.

Answer 22

Virtual bridge

Question 23

Popular vSwitches

Answer 23

• Cisco Nexus 1000VE Series Virtual Switch
• Cisco Application Virtual Switch (AVS)
• Open vSwitch (OVS)
• IBM DVS 5000v
• vSphere Switch

Question 24

An architectural framework created by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute that defines standards to decouple network functions from proprietary hardware-based appliances and have them run in software on standard x86 servers.

Answer 24

NFV

Question 25

All the hardware and software components that comprise the platform environment in which virtual network functions (VNFs) are deployed.

Answer 25

NFV Infrastructure (NFVI)

Question 26

The virtual or software version of a Network Functions commonly used by L2, L3, and Layer 4 through Layer 7 functions.

Answer 26

Virtual Network Function (VNF)

Question 27

Examples of Cisco VNFs

Answer 27

- Cisco Cloud Services Router 1000V (CSR 1000V) - Cisco Cloud Services Platform 2100 (CSP 2100) - Cisco Integrated Services Virtual Router (ISRv) - Cisco NextGen Firewall Virtual Appliance (NGFWv) - Cisco Adaptive Security Virtual Appliance (ASAv)

Question 28

Responsible for managing and controlling the NFVI hardware resources and the virtualized resources.

Answer 28

NFVI Virtualized Infrastructure Manager

Question 29

Chaining VNFs together to provide an NFV service or solution.

Answer 29

Service Chaining

Question 30

Performs fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security (FCAPS) functions for VNFs.

Answer 30

NFV Orchestrator

Question 31

Manages the lifecycle of one or multiple VNFs as well as FCAPS for the virtual components of a VNF.

Answer 31

VNF Manager

Question 32

A platform typically operated by Service Providers and larger enterprise networks to support all their network systems and services.

Answer 32

Operations Support System (OSS)

Question 33

A combination of product management, customer management, revenue management (billing), and order management systems that are used to run the SP’s business operations.

Answer 33

Business Support System

Question 34

Traffic that comes into the server through a pNIC and is sent to a VNF; it is then sent from the VNF back to the physical wire through the pNIC.

Answer 34

North-South traffic

Question 35

Traffic that enters the server through a pNIC to a VNF and is then sent to another VNF before being sent back to the physical wire through a pNIC.

Answer 35

East-West traffic

Question 36

A memory access method that allows an I/O device to send or receive data directly to or from the main memory.

Answer 36

Direct Memory Access

Question 37

What area of the memory is kernel executed?

Answer 37

Kernel space

Question 38

What area of the memory are non-kernel processes executed?

Answer 38

User space

Question 39

Where does OVS-DPDK operate?

Answer 39

User space

Question 40

This process polls for data that comes into the pNIC and processes it, bypassing the kernel completely.

Answer 40

DPDK Poll Mode Driver (PMD)

Question 41

T/F DPDK PMD requires one or more CPU cores dedicated to polling and handling the incoming data.

Answer 41

T

Question 42

Allows VNFs to have direct physical access to physical PCI devices, which appear and behave as if they were physically attached to the VNF.

Answer 42

PCI Passthrough

Question 43

``` Exclusive one-to-one mapping. Bypassed hypervisor. Direct access to I/O resources. Reduced CPU utilization. Reduced system latency. Increased I/O throughput. ``` What are these advantages of?

Answer 43

PCI Passthrough

Question 44

Disadvantage of PCI Passthrough

Answer 44

The entire pNIC is dedicated to a single VNF and cannot be used by other VNFs. The number of VNFs that can use PCI Passthrough is limited to the number of pNIC available in the system.

Question 45

Allows multiple VNFs to share the same pNIC.

Answer 45

SR-IOV Single-Root Input/Output Virtualization

Question 46

Emulates multiple PCIe devices on a single PCIe device (pNIC).

Answer 46

SR-IOV

Question 47

What are the emulated devices in SR-IOV known as?

Answer 47

Virtual Functions (VFs)

Question 48

What are the physical devices in SR-IOV known as?

Answer 48

Physical Function (PFs)

Question 49

What modes does SR-IOV support for switching traffic between VNFs?

Answer 49

Virtual Ethernet Bridge (VEB) Virtual Ethernet Port Aggregator (VEPA)

Question 50

Traffic between VNFs attached to the same pNIC is hardware switched directly by the pNIC.

Answer 50

Virtual Ethernet Bridge (VEB)

Question 51

Traffic between VNFs attached to the same pNIC is switched by an external switch.

Answer 51

Virtual Ethernet Port Aggregator (VEPA)

Question 52

Reduces the operational complexity of enterprise branch environments by running the required networking functions as virtual networking functions (VNFs) on standard x86-based hosts.

Answer 52

Cisco Enterprise Network Functions Virtualization (ENFV)

Question 53

4 components of Cisco ENFV

Answer 53

- Management and Orchestration (MANO) - VNFs - NFVI Software - Hardware resources

Question 54

Features of NFVI Software

Answer 54

- Network Hypervisor - Embedded PnP client - VM lifecycle mgmt - Service chaining - Local web UI - Open , programmable APIs

Question 55

What is the benefit of this feature of NFVI Software: Network Hypervisor

Answer 55

Embedded KVM to abstract the underlying hardware components.

Question 56

What is the benefit of this feature of NFVI Software: Embedded PnP client

Answer 56

Facilitates zero-touch deployment of branch virtualization infrastructure, including VNFs, resulting in reduced OpEx when deploying new branch sites.

Question 57

What is the benefit of this feature of NFVI Software: VM lifecycle mgmt

Answer 57

Enables all VNF lifecycle management, such as creating and deleting VNFs and adding CPU, memory, and storage Lifecycle management monitors the status of the VNFs and supports failure and recovery monitoring, and stop and restart of services.

Question 58

What is the benefit of this feature of NFVI Software:. Service chaining

Answer 58

A built-in virtual switch enables communication between the different VNFs. This switch can enable Layer 2 service chaining of VNFs. Multiple independent service paths can be created based on applications or user profiles.

Question 59

What is the benefit of this feature of NFVI Software: Local web UI

Answer 59

A built-in GUI that is used to manage NFVIS. Can be used to upload VNFs, deploy VNFs, service-chain VNFs, change VNF resources, and monitor VNFs and hardware platforms, avoiding the need for complex commands.

Question 60

What is the benefit of this feature of NFVI Software: Open, programmable APIs

Answer 60

Programmable APIs are provided for service orchestration. These can be used to integrate all the functionality that NFV Infrastructure Software provides with orchestration tools of your choice. Includes options for both REST and NETCONF APIs.

Question 61

What platforms support Cisco ENFVIS?

Answer 61

Cisco Enterprise Network Compute System (ENCS) - Cisco Cloud Services Platforms - Cisco 4000 Series ISRs with a Cisco UCS E-Series blade - UCS C-Series

Question 62

Includes a centralized dashboard and | tools to design, provision, manage, and monitor all branch sites across the enterprise.

Answer 62

Cisco DNA center

Question 63

Two main functions of DNA center:

Answer 63

- To roll out new branch enterprise locations | - Deploy new VNFs and virtualized services.

Question 64

Provides centralized policies, which enables | consistent network policies across the enterprise branch offices

Answer 64

Cisco DNA center

Question 65

How are centralized policies created?

Answer 65

By building network profiles.

Question 66

What is included in network profiles?

Answer 66

- Configuration for LAN and WAN virtual Interfaces. - Services or VNFs to be used. - Devices configuration required for the VNFs.

Question 67

Provides a way to automatically and remotely provision and onboard new network devices.

Answer 67

PnP

Question 68

Provides an environment for the virtualization of both network functions and applications in the enterprise branch.

Answer 68

Cisco ENFV

Question 69

Cisco-supported VNFs for Cisco DNA center

Answer 69

- ISRv - ASAv - NGFWv - Viptela vEdge - cEdge - vWAAS - vWLCs

Question 70

Third-party VNFs for Cisco DNA center

Answer 70

- ThousandEyes - Fortinet - PaloAlto - InfoVista - CTERA - Windows Server - Linux Server

Question 71

NFVIS-supported communication models for orchestration and management.

Answer 71

- REST - CLI - HTTPS - NETCONF/YANG

Question 72

NFVIS virtualization layer is based on:

Answer 72

- KVM - QEMU - Libvirt

Question 73

NF benefits

Answer 73

- Reduced capex and opex - Faster time-to-market - Improved ROI

Question 74

Components of NFVIS:

Answer 74

- Linux - Hypervisor - vSwitch - VM lifecycle mangement - PnP client - Orchestration - HTTPS web server - Device management - RBAC

Question 75

x86 hosting platforms that support Cisco Enterprise NFVIS:

Answer 75

Cisco Enterprise Network Compute System (ENCS) - Cisco Cloud Services Platforms - Cisco 4000 Series ISRs with a Cisco UCS E-Series blade - UCS C-Series