chapter 29 Flashcards
(43 cards)
describe the nuremberg trials?
the 4 allied powers- the soviet union, united states, britain, and france- tried and sentenced 22 of the highest ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders who had survived the war. they were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. 12 were sentenced to death
who were the “big 3” at the teheran confrence?
Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill
At the yalta confrence, who held the strongest position and why?
Soviet Union because they had liberated most of the Eastern front, while america was nowhere near close. The Soviet Union was closest to berlin
what agreements were made at yalta concerning german, poland, and eastern europe?
the allies would occupy different zones of germany, and the soviet union would get war reparations. soviet union would permanently incorporate the eastern polish territories its army had occupied at the start of the war. the eastern european governments were to be freely elected but pro-russian
at potsdam what did stalin and truman disagree on?
harry truman demanded immediate free elections throughout e. europe and stalin refused point blank
in may 1945 what action did truman take against the soviet union?
truman abruptly cut off all aid to the ailing soviet union. in october he declared that the united states would never recognize any government established by force against the free will of its people
who coined the term “iron curtain”?
winston churchill
describe the truman doctrine*?
america’s policy geared to containing communism to those countries already under soviet control (containment)
describe the marshall plan?
american plan for providing economic aid to all of western europe to help it rebuild (the east was offered economic aid but stalin refused to let them accept it)
what was COMECON?
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) an economic organization of communist states meant to help rebuild e. europe under soviet auspices
in june 1948, how did the western allies violate the peace accords? how did the soviets retaliate?
western allies replaced the currency in West Germany and West Berlin, and Stalin blocked all traffic through the soviet zone of germany into berlin (blockade; so western allies issue around the clock flights to deliver supplies to germany until blockade was removed)
what was NATO? what was the WARSAW PACT?
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), an anti-soviet military alliance of western governments. Warsaw Pact- Soviet backed military alliances of all eastern european nations
what cold war event happened in 1953?
beginning of the Korean War
what is “big science”?
by combining theoretical work with sophisticated engineering in a large organization, Big Science could tackle extremely difficult problems
Who were christian democrats?
center right wing parties that rose to power in western europe after WWII
the bretton woods agreement established what 2 things?*
linked western currencies to the US dollar and established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to facilitate free markets and world trade
what was the european coal and steel community? what countries belonged?
special international organization to control and integrate all of european steel and coal production. West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, France all belonged. (lower tariffs; countries part of european union)
the 6 countries above signed the Treaty of Rome* in 1957 creating?
The Common Market – the european economic community, created by the 6 western european nations in 1957 as part of a larger search for european unity
what were the 2 goals of the common market?
- a gradual reduction of all tariffs among the 6 countries in order to create a single market almost as large as that of the US
- the free movement of capital and labor and common economic policies and institutions(like zollverein)
in 1959 what were 2 actions taken by French President DeGaulle?*
he withdrew all french military forces from what he called an “american controlled” NATO, developed france’s own nuclear weapons, and vetoed the scheduled advent of majority rule within the common market
what were the cold war rammifications of the consumer revolution?
as the % of income spent on neccessities such as housing and food declined, near full employment and high wages meant that more europeans could buy more things than before (politicians in both E and W claimed that their respective systems could best provide citizens with ample consumer goods)
what was Comenform?
communist information bureau; an international organization dedicated to maintaining russian control over communist parties abroad, in western as well as eastern europe
what communist leader/country was able to remain sumewhat independent from soviet domination?
joseph broz tito; yugoslavia
how was collectivization different in poland?
tolerated the existence of private agriculture, hoping to maintain stability in the large and potentially rebellious country
