Chapter 29

Question 1

Integument

Answer 1

natural covering of an organism or an organ such as skin, shell etc

Question 2

Stratum Corneum

Answer 2

the layers of dead keratinized cells that form the outermost layers of mammalian epidermis

Question 3

Collagen

Answer 3

most abundant protein in the body, helps connective tissue be strong and provides cushioning for many parts of the body.

Question 4

Cartilage

Answer 4

tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue that is a major constituent of embryonic and young vertebrate skeletons, is converted largely to bone with maturation

Question 5

Bone Marrow

Answer 5

the soft blood forming tissue that fills the cavities of bones and contains fat and immature and mature blood cells

Question 6

Calcium Hydroxylapatite

Answer 6

calcium phosphate mineral found both in rocks and as a component of bone and dentine.

Question 7

Notochord

Answer 7

primitive beginning of the backbone.

Question 8

Osteon

Answer 8

central canal containing blood capillaries and the concentric osseous lamellae around it occurring in compact bone

Question 9

Lacuna

Answer 9

small space containing osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage

Question 10

Canaliculi

Answer 10

any of many small canals or ducts in the body such as bone

Question 11

Central Canal

Answer 11

the ependyma lined lumen of the nueral tube, the cerebral part of which remains patent to for the ventricles of the brail

Question 12

Osteoclast

Answer 12

type of bone cell that is large, multinucleated, and associated with bone resorption.

Question 13

Osteoblasts

Answer 13

a type of bone cell that arises from fibroblasts, and upon maturity, becomes associated bone production together with other osteoblasts

Question 14

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 14

a peptide hormone of 84 amino acids. stimulates osteoclasts to increase blood calcium levels, the opposite effect to calcitonin

Question 15

Calcitonin

Answer 15

polypeptide hormone produced by c cells of the thyroid that causes a reduction of calcium ions in the blood

Question 16

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Answer 16

the movement of the fluid substance cytoplasm within a plant or animal cell. the motion transports nutrients, proteins and organelles

Question 17

Contractile Protein

Answer 17

interact with actin filaments and other components to create structural rigidity and movement

Question 18

Actin-Myosin System

Answer 18

actin polymerized to create actin filaments. while myosin converts adenosine triphosphate into mechanical energy

Question 19

Peristalsis

Answer 19

wavelike muscular contractions in tubular structures especially organs of the digestive tract such as the esophagus and the intestines.

Question 20

Fascicles

Answer 20

a bundle of structures, such as nerve or muscle fibers or conducting vessels in plants

Question 21

Muscle Fiber

Answer 21

cylindrical multinucleate cell composed of myofibrils that contract when stimulated

Question 22

Myofibril

Answer 22

long, cylindrical organelle in striated muscle cells, composed mainly of actin and myosin filaments that run from one end of the cell to the other.

Question 23

Sarcomere

Answer 23

the contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber. divided into bands of filaments made of actin or myosin

Question 24

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 24

chemical synapse between a motoneuron and a muscle fiber, through which a signal is transmitted that ultimately cause the muscle to contract.

Question 25

Acetylcholine

Answer 25

chemical found in vertebrate neurons that carries information across the synaptic cleft, the space between two nerve cells

Question 26

Motor Unit

Answer 26

made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron's axonal terminals.

Question 27

Glycogen

Answer 27

a branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in liver and muscle cells and functions as secondary long term energy storage

Question 28

Creatine Phosphate

Answer 28

phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high energy phosphates in skeletal muscle and the brain

Question 29

Slow Oxidative Fibers

Answer 29

one of two types of skeletal muscle, which contains abundant mitochondria and myoglobin. highly resistant to fatigue.

Question 30

Fast Oxidative Fibers

Answer 30

Fatigue rapidly and are typically muscles that are not constantly active.

Question 31

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

Answer 31

intermediate fibers that are now fast twitch muscle fibers which have been converted via endurance training

Question 32

Tendons

Answer 32

tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.