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biol 1202 > chapter 29 - plant diversity I > Flashcards

chapter 29 - plant diversity I Flashcards

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1
Q

cyanobacteria and protists likely existed on land by…

A

1.2 billion years ago

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2
Q

small plants, fungi, and animals emerged on land only within the last…

A

500 million years

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3
Q

how many living species of plants?

A

more than 290,000

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4
Q

are algae included in the plant kingdom?

A

NO, part of protists

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5
Q

most oxygen comes from

A

marine microbes (50%), land plants (25%), macro algae like kelp (25%)

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6
Q

what species of plant produces the most oxygen?

A

snake plant

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7
Q

closest relatives of plants

A

green algae called charophytes

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8
Q

plants share what traits only with charophytes?

A

rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, the structure of flagellated sperm, formation of a phragmoplast

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9
Q

what prevents zygotes from drying out in charophytes?

A

a durable polymer layer called sporopollenin; protect early plants from harsh conditions

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10
Q

what benefits did the move to land provide?

A

unfiltered sunlight, plentiful CO2, and nutrient rich soil

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11
Q

what challenges did the move to land provide?

A

scarcity of water, lack of structural support against gravity

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12
Q

what traits are present in nearly all plants but absent in charophytes?

A

alternation of generations, multicellular+dependent embryos, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, apical meristems

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13
Q

what generation is haploid (N)?

A

gametophyte, produces haploid gametes by mitosis

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13
Q

what is alternation of generations?

A

alternating between two multicellular generations

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14
Q

what produces the diploid sporophyte (2N)?

A

fusion of a sperm and egg gives rise to the diploid sporophyte, produces haploid spores by meiosis

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15
Q

spores develop into…

A

gametophytes

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16
Q

the diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of…

A

the female gametophyte

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17
Q

why are plants called embryophytes?

A

the dependency of the embryo on parent

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18
Q

sporophyte produce spores in what organ?

A

sporangia

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19
Q

what cells undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores?

A

diploid sporocytes

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20
Q

what is the female gametangia called?

A

archegonia, produce a single, non-motile egg

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21
Q

what is the male gametangia called?

A

antheridia, produce and release sperm

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22
Q

cell divisions occur within the…

A

apical meristems

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23
Q

what is a cuticle?

A

waxy covering of the epidermis

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24
what are stomata and guard cells?
specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant
25
what is vascular tissue?
cells joined into tubes for the transport of water and nutrients
26
plants that have vascular tissue are called...
vascular plants
27
what are nonvascular plants called
bryophytes
28
seedless vascular plants are divided into what two clades?
lycophytes (club mosses and relatives) and monilophytes (ferns and relatives)
29
what is a seed?
an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
30
seeded vascular plants are divided into what two clades?
gymnosperms and angiosperms
31
gymnosperms
"naked seeds": produce seeds that are not enclosed in chambers
32
angiosperms
"enclosed seed" produce seeds that develop inside chambers that originate within flowers
33
bryophytes can be divided into what three phyla?
liverworts (Hepotyphyta), mosses (Byrophyta), hornworts (Antocerophyta)
34
in all three bryophyte phyla, are gametophytes or sporophytes larger and longer-living?
gametophytes
35
what are rhizoids?
anchor the gametophytes to substrate
36
most bryophytes reproduce in what way?
asexually (ex. mosses and brood bodies that detach from parent and form genetic clones)
37
what does a sporophyte consist of in bryophytes?
a foot, a seta (stalk), and a sporangium also called a capsule, which discharges spores through a peristome
38
hornwort and moss sporophytes have...
stomata, liverworts do not
39
ecological importance of mosses
Sphagnum, "peat moss," forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material called peat
40
what can peat be used for?
used as a source of fuel and to flavor scotch, low temp, pH, and O2 level of peatlands inhibit decay of moss + other organisms
41
peatlands cover roughly...
3% of the Earth's land surface
42
peatlands contain roughly...
30% of the world's soil carbon
43
living vascular plants are characterized by
life cycles with dominant sporophytes, vascular tissue w/ xylem and phloem, well-developed roots and leaves, spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls
44
what is the larger, more complex generation in seedless vascular plants?
sporophytes
45
xylem vascular tissue
conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tracheids
46
what are tracheids?
tube-shaped cells in xylem
47
what is lignin?
strengthens xylem and provides structural support
48
phloem vascular tissue
cells arranged into tubs that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
49
what are roots?
organs that anchor vascular plants; absorb water and nutrients from the soil
50
what are leaves?
organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, maximizing photosynthesis
51
what are the two types of leaves?
microphylls and megaphylls
52
microphylls
small leaves with a single vein
53
megaphylls
larger leaves with a highly branched vascular system
54
sporophylls are...
modified leaves with sporangia
55
what are sori?
sporangia clusters on sporophyll undersides
56
what are strobili?
cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
57
all seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are...
heterosporous
58
heterosporous species produce...
megaspores and microspores
59
megaspores give rise to...
female gametophytes
60
microspores give rise to
male gametophytes
61
what are the two clades of seedless vascular plants?
phylum Lycophyta (club and spike mosses, quilworts), phylum Monilophyta (ferns, hosetails, whisk furns)
62
phylum Lycophyta
small, herbaceous plants; club and spike mosses have vascular tissues and aren't true mosses
63
phylum Monilophyta
ferns are the most widespread seedless vascular plants (12k+ species); most diverse in tropics
64
oxygen makes up what percentage of gases in the atmosphere?
21%
65
what other gases are in the atmosphere?
Nitrogen (N₂) – ~78% Oxygen (O₂) – ~21% Argon (Ar) – ~0.93% Carbon dioxide (CO₂) – ~0.04% Trace gases – including neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, and ozone Water vapor (H₂O) – varies from ~0–4%, depending on location and weather
66
describe alternation of generations
gametophyte generation (haploid, n) - develops from a spore - produces gametes via mitosis - gametes fuse to form zygote zygote (diploid, 2n) - grows into sporophyte by mitosis sporophyte (diploid, 2n) - multicellular diploid stage - haploid spores produced through meiosis
67
what processes/structures control the movement of water in & out of the plant tissue?
-osmosis: water moves from areas of low solute to high solute concentration. -transpiration: evaporation of water from leaves pulls water upward (like a straw effect). -capillary action & cohesion-tension: water sticks to itself (cohesion) and to xylem walls (adhesion). -root hairs: increase surface area for absorption. -xylem: vascular tissue that transports water upward from roots to leaves. -stomata: pores on leaf surfaces that regulate water loss and gas exchange. -guard cells: open/close stomata based on water availability and light.
68
what gives scotch its characteristic smell/taste?
barley gives the base flavor, aged in oak, peat organic material used in malting process
69
why are horsetails called "scouring rushes" and their other unusual characteristics?
- scouring rushes comes from their rough texture, specifically silica in stem - high in silica so abrasive, were used as scrubs - very ancient plants - segmented, each part looks like a link - spores instead of seeds

biol 1202 (9 decks)

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