chapter 40 - animal form and function Flashcards
1
Q
the biological form of an organism (spell)
A
anatomy
2
Q
the biological functions an organism performs (spell)
A
physiology
3
Q
the space between cells, it links exchange surfaces to body cells (spell)
A
interstitial fluid
4
Q
animals are composed of cells organized into…
A
tissues
5
Q
specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues (spell)
A
organ
6
Q
four types of animal tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
7
Q
covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body; tightly packed cells (spell)
A
epithelial tissue
8
Q
shape and arrangement of epithelial cells
A
- could be cuboidal, columnar, or squamous
- arrangement could be simple single cell layer, stratified w/ multiple tiers, or psuedostratified w/ single layer of cells of varying length
9
Q
tissue that binds and supports other tissues
A
connective tissue
10
Q
three types of connective tissue fiber
A
- collagenous that provide strength and flexibility
- reticular join connective tissue to adjacent tissue
- elastic stretch and snap back to their original length
11
Q
secrete the protein of extracellular fibers (spell)
A
fibroblasts
12
Q
what are the six types of connective tissues in vertebrates?
A
loose tissue, fibrous tissue, bone, adipose tissue, blood, cartilage
13
Q
binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
A
loose tissue
14
Q
attach muscles to bones
A
tendons
15
Q
connects bones at joints
A
ligaments
16
Q
tissue found in tendons and ligaments
A
fibrous tissue
17
Q
mineralized material that forms the skeleton
A
bone
18
Q
stores fat for insulation and fuel
A
adipose tissue
19
Q
composed of blood cells and cell fragments
A
blood
20
Q
a strong and flexible support material
A
cartilage
21
Q
tissue responsible for nearly all types of body movement
A
- muscle tissue
- consists of filaments of proteins actin and myosin, help contraction
22
Q
three types of muscle tissue
A
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
23
Q
aka striated muscle, responsible for voluntary movement
A
skeletal muscle
24
Q
responsible for involuntary body activities
A
smooth muscle
25
responsible for contraction of the heart
cardiac muscle
26
nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses
nuerons
27
functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information
nervous tissue, contains neurons and glial cells
28
glial cells/glia
support cells, insulation
29
which organ system releases signaling molecules called hormones into bloodstream?
endocrine system
30
nervous system transmits info fast but between ____ locations and hormones are slow but have long-lasting impacts over ____
specific locations, large areas of the body
31
an animal for which mechanisms of homeostasis moderate internal changes in a particular variable in the face of external fluctuation of that variable (spell)
regulator; temp in humans
32
allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes (spell)
conformer; fish match water temp
33
the steadystate physiological condition of the body (spell)
homeostasis; pH, temp, glucose level
34
fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a ______; these are detected by a sensor
stimulus
35
a control center then generates output that triggers a
reponse
36
helping return a variable to a normal range
negative feedback
37
amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
positive feedback
38
in animals and plants, a _____ _______ governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
circadian rhythm; sleep wake cycle
39
homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment, a process called
acclimatization
40
the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature in a normal range (spell)
thermoregulation
41
animals generate heat by metabolism (spell)
endothermic, walrus and humans
42
animals gain heat from external sources
ectothermic, fish, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles
43
endoterhmy is more
energetically expensive
44
pokilotherm
body temp varies w/ its environment
45
homeotherm
body temp relatively constant
46
are all pokilotherms ectotherms?
no
47
organisms exchange heat by what four physical processes?
radiation (sun)
evaporation (sweat)
convection (wind)
conduction (cool rock)
48
skin, hair, and nails
integumentary system; involved in heat regulation in mammals
49
insulation
- major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds
- countercurrent exchange
50
circulatory adaptations
- regulation of blood flow near the body surface
- endo and some ectotherms can alter amount of blood flow between body core and skin
51
vasodilation
blood flow in the skin increases, facilitation heat loss
52
vasoconstriction
blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
53
cooling by evaporative heat loss
- lose heat through evap of water
- swearing or bathing
- panting in birds and mammals
54
behavioral response
- ecotherms and some endotherms
- seek warm places when cold, bathe when cold or move to cooler areas
55
adjusting metabolic heat production
- thermogenesis, non shivering thermogensis
56
thermogensis
the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature
57
non-shivering thermogensis
when hormones cause mitochondria to increase metabolic activity
58
specialized tissue for rapid heat production
brown fat; found in mammal infants and hibernating mammals; varies based on temp of surrounding env.
59
"antifreeze compounds"
- some ectotherms produce these when temps are subzero to prevent ice formation in their cells
60
ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain;
functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary
hypothalamus; thermoregulation control
61
the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal (spell)
bioenergetics
62
includes body growth and repair, synthesizing storage material such as fat, and production of gametes (spell)
biosynthesis
63
the sum of all energy an animal uses in a unit of time (spell)
metabolic rate
64
ways metabolic rate can be determined
An animal’s heat loss
The amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced
Measuring energy content of food consumed and energy lose in waste products
65
the metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a “comfortable” temperature (spell)
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
66
the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature, no stress (spell)
standard metabolic rate (SMR)
67
ectotherms or endotherms have lower metabolic rates?
ectotherms
68
as mass (size) increases...
BMR increases
69
smaller animals have a...
higher metabolic rate PER GRAM
70
state of decreased activity and metabolism (spell)
torpor
71
long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter (spell)
hibernation
72
metabolic rates during hibernation can be
20 times lower than normal rates
73
estivation
summer torpor; enables animals to survive long periods of high temperature and scarce water
74
what is countercurrent blood flow and why is it important in some organisms?
- blood flows in the opposite direction of the fluid it’s exchanging with (usually water or air).
- maximizes diffusion efficiency by maintaining a gradient along the entire exchange surface
- fish gills
75
in cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell; or in feedback regulation, a physiological activity triggered by a change in a variable (spell)
response
76
in homeostasis in animals, a value maintained for a particular variable, such as body temperature or solute concentration (spell)
set point
77
5 major thermoregulatory adaptations
insulation, circulatory adaptations, evaporative heat loss, behavioral response, adjusting metabolic activity
