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AP Biology > Chapter 29 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Vocab Flashcards

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0
Q

Phyllotaxy

A

The arrangement of leaves on a stem

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1
Q

Lithosphere

A

Stone plants that live almost entirely underground

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2
Q

Alternate/ spiral phyllotaxy

A

Stems have one leaf per node

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3
Q

Opposite phyllotaxy

A

Stems have two leaves per node

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4
Q

Whorled phyllotaxy

A

Stems have three or more leaves per node

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5
Q

Canopy

A

The leafy portions of all the plants in a community

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6
Q

Self-pruning

A

The process by which non productive leaves and or branches die and are shed

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7
Q

Apoplast

A

Anything exterior to a cell’s plasma membrane (e.g. cell walls, extra cellular spaces)

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8
Q

Symplast

A

The entire living mass of the cytosol and the plasmadesmata and the cytoplasmic channels that connect them

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9
Q

Apoplastic route

A

What’re and dilutes move along the continuum of cell walls and extra cellular spaces

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10
Q

Symplastic route

A

Water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol; only pass plasma membrane once, cross though plasmadesmata between cells

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11
Q

Transmembrane route

A

Water and solutes and passed from cell to cell though the plasma membrane and cell walls

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12
Q

Membrane potential

A

The voltage across the membrane as established by the pumping of H+ ions by proton pumps

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13
Q

Co transport

A

The use of the gradient of one solute to actively transport another solute.

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14
Q

Water potential

A

A quality that includes the effects of solute concentration and physical pressure

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15
Q

Mega pascal (MPa)

A

The unit of measure used to measure water potential

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16
Q

Solute potential

A

The effects the solutes in the water have in water potential; always expressed as a negative number (or 0)

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17
Q

Pressure potential

A

The physical pressure on a solution

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18
Q

Protoplast

A

The living part of a cell, including plasma membrane

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19
Q

Turgid pressure

A

Internal pressure that maintains the stiffness of cells and drives elongation

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20
Q

Flaccid

A

Limp; lacking turgid pressure

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21
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The process by which a flaccid cell shrinks away from cell wall

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22
Q

Turgor

A

Very firm

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23
Q

Bulk flow

A

The movement of liquid is response to a pressure gradient

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24
Aquaporins
Transport proteins in the cell membrane that allow the passage if water
25
Essential element
An element that is necessary for a plant to complete its life cycle
26
Hydroponic culture
A culture where plants are grown in mineral solutions in stead of water in order to identify essential elements
27
Macronutrients
``` Elements that the plant requires in large amounts: Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Potassium Calcium Magnesium ```
28
Micronutrients
``` Essential elements required in small amounts: Chlorine Iron Manganese Boron Zinc Copper Nickel Molybdenum ```
29
Co factors
Non protein helpers in enzymic reactions
30
Humus
Dead organism remains and other organic matter commonly found is soil
31
Fertilization
The addition of mineral nutrients to the soil
32
Loams
The most fertile topsoil, composed of roughly equal sand, silt, and clay
33
Anions
Negatively charged ions
34
Cations
Positively charged ions
35
Leaching
The passage of water through the soil
36
Cation exchange
The process that displaces cations from soil particles by other cations
37
Rhizobacteria
Soil bacteria, root bacteria
38
Rhizosphere
The soil layer surrounding a plant's roots
39
Plant-growth-promoting bacteria
Bacteria that enhances plant growth by producing chemicals that stimulate growth, as well as producing antibiotics, absorbing toxic minerals, and making nutrients more available
40
Nitrogen cycle
The transformations that nitrogen goes through in nature
41
Ammonifying bacteria
Decomposers that convert organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH4+) by ammonification
42
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Bacteria which turn gaseous nitrogen (N2) into NH3 which picks up H+ ions, turning into NH4+
43
Nitrification
Two step process that oxidates NH4+ to nitrate (NO2-) and then oxidates nitrate to nitrate (NO3-), an absorbable form of nitrogen
44
Nitrifying bacteria
Mediate the steps of nitrification
45
Nitrogen fixation
The reduction of N2- to NH3
46
Rhizobium
A genus of bacteria that form associations with roots of legumes and alters their structure to be able to preform nitrogen fixation
47
Nitrogenase
The enzyme that drives the multistep process of N2 fixation
48
Multistep nitrogen fixation equation
N2+8e-+8H++16ATP-> 2NH3+H2+16ADP+16(P)i
49
Nodules
Swells along the legume root composed of cells "infected" with rhizobium
50
Bacteroids
The form rhizobium take inside the nodules
51
Ectomychorrhizae
A form of mychorrhizae that forms a dense sheath around the root surface and grows into extra cellular spaces
52
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae that respond to the presence of a root and grow towards it, establishing contact and growing along surface; penetrates cell walls by not plasma membrane
53
Epiphyte
A plant that grows on another plant without tapping into the host plant's resources
54
Parasitic plants
Plants that grow on another plant and tap into the resources of the host plant
55
Carnivorous plants
Photosynthetic plants that supplement their diet by capturing and digesting small animals and insects
56
Casparian strip
A belt made of a substance impermeable to water and dissolved minerals found outside of the vascular cylinder, forcing xylem sap to pass through a cell into vascular cylinder
57
Xylem sap
The water and dissolved minerals that enter the xylem
58
Transpiration
The loss of water vapor from leaves and other parts of the plants
59
Cohesion-tension hypothesis
States that transpiration provides a pull for the ascent of xylem sap, and the cohesion of water pulls the entire column of water upwards
60
Cohesion
The attractive force between molecules of the same substance
61
Adhesion
The attractive force between molecules of different substances
62
Cavitation
The formation of water vapor pockets that break the chain of water
63
Circadian rhythms
Cycles of 24 hours
64
Abscisic acid (ABA)
Acid triggered in roots and leaves in instances if water deficiency, triggering guard cells to close
65
Xerophytes
Plants adapted to dry conditions
66
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
A form of photosynthesis that takes in CO2 at night when water loss is lowest and closes stomata during the day
67
Translocation
The transportation of photosynthates from mature leaves to roots via the phloem
68
Phloem sap
The solution of photosynthates that flows through the sieve tubes
69
Sugar source
An organ, tissue, or cell that produces sugar by the breakdown of starch or by photosynthesis
70
Sugar sink
An organ that is a consumer or depository of sugar
71
Pressure flow
The building of pressure only to be released by the flow downward
72
Self-thinning
A process where if the number if sinks outnumber the number of sources, sugar sinks (flower, bud) are aborted
73
Chlorosis
yellowing of the leaves commonly associated with magnesium deficiency

AP Biology (10 decks)

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