Chapter 29 Vocabulary

Question 0

Peroxisome enzymes

Answer 0

The peroxisomal’s of both land plants and carophytes contain enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic products resulting from photorespiration

Question 1

Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins

Answer 1

The cells of both land plants and carophytes have these distinctive circular rings of proteins in the plasma membrane. These protein ring synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls

Question 2

Structure of flagellated sperm

Answer 2

In species of land plants that have flagellated sperm, the structure of the sperm closely resembles that of carophyte sperm

Question 3

Formation of phragmoplast

Answer 3

A group of microtubules that form between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell

Question 4

Sporopollenin

Answer 4

A layer of durable polymer and carophytes that prevents expose zygotes from drying out

Question 5

Alternation of generations

Answer 5

The lifecycles of all land plants alternate between two generations of multicellular organisms: gametophytes and sporophytes. Each generation gives rise to the other eggs and sperm – that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid set zygotes

Question 6

Gametophyte

Answer 6

Gamete – producing plant. Named for its production by mitosis of haploid gametes – eggs and sperm – that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid zygotes

Question 7

Sporophyte

Answer 7

Spore – producing plant

Question 8

Spores

Answer 8

Reproductive cells that can develop into new haploid organisms without fusing another cell

Question 9

Placental transfer cells

Answer 9

Sometimes present in the adjacent maternal tissue as well, which enhance the transfer of nutrients from parents to embryo through elaborate in growths of the wall surface (plasma membrane and cell wall)

Question 10

Embryophytes

Answer 10

The multicellular, dependent embryo of land plants is such a significant derived traits that land plants are also known as embryophytes

Question 11

Sporangia

Answer 11

Sporophyte multicellular organs that produce spores

Question 12

Sporocytes

Answer 12

Spore mother cells, diploid, that undergo meiosis and generate the haploid spores

Question 13

Gametangia

Answer 13

Another feature distinguishing early land plants from there algal ancestors was the production of gametes with and multicellular organs called gametangia

Question 14

Archegonia

Answer 14

Female gametangia are also called archegonia

Question 15

Antheridia

Answer 15

Produce sperm and release them into the environment

Question 16

Apical meristems

Answer 16

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

Question 17

Cuticle

Answer 17

Epidermis in many species have a covering which consists of wax and other polymers

Question 18

Mycorrhizae

Answer 18

Formed symbiotic associations with fungi similar in structure to beneficial associations observed today between plants and fungi

Question 19

Secondary compounds

Answer 19

Products of secondary metabolic pathways – side branches off the primary metabolic pathways that produce the lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and other compounds common to all organisms

Question 20

Vascular tissue

Answer 20

Cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

Question 21

Vascular plants

Answer 21

Most presents – day plants have a complex vascular tissue system and are therefore called vascular plants

Question 22

Bryophytes

Answer 22

Mass plant. Non– vascular plants

Question 23

Lykophytes

Answer 23

Club mosses and their relatives

Question 24

Pterophytes

Answer 24

Ferns and their relatives

Question 25

Seedless vascular plants

Answer 25

Plants in lykophyte and pterophyte clades lack seeds, which is why collectively the two clades are often informally called seedless vascular plants

Question 26

Grade

Answer 26

Groups such as the seedless vascular plants are sometimes referred to as a grade, a collection of organisms that share a key biological feature

Question 27

Seed

Answer 27

An embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

Question 28

Gymnosperms

Answer 28

Naked seed. Grouped together as "naked seed" plants because their seeds are not enclosed in chambers (conifers)

Question 29

Angiosperms

Answer 29

Container. A huge clade consisting of all flowered plants

Question 30

Liverworts

Answer 30

A small flowerless green plant with leaf like stems or lobed leaves, occurring in moist habitats. Liverworts lack true roots and reproduce by means of spores released from capsules

Question 31

Mosses

Answer 31

A small flowerless green plant that lacks true roots, growing in low carpets or rounded cushions in damp habitats and reproducing by means of spores released from stalked capsules

Question 32

Hornworts

Answer 32

Is submerged aquatic plant with narrow forked leaves that become translucent and horny as they age, occurring worldwide

Question 33

Bryophyte

Answer 33

Used in formally to refer to all nonvascular plants – liverworts, mosses and hornworts

Question 34

Bryophyta

Answer 34

Formal taxonomic name for the phylum that consists solely of mosses

Question 35

Protonema

Answer 35

First threads. Has a large surface area that enhances absorption of water and minerals. Produces one or more buds in favorable conditions. First threads of cells strung together in moss

Question 36

Gametophore

Answer 36

Gamete bearer. Each of these bud – like growths has an apical meristem that generates a gamete – producing structure known as a gametophore

Question 37

Rhizoids

Answer 37

Long, tubular single cells (in liverworts and hornworts) or filaments of cells (in mosses), not composed of tissues

Question 38

foot

Answer 38

Embedded in the archegonium, and absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte

Question 39

Seta

Answer 39

Stalk, conducts materials to the sporangium, aka capsule

Question 40

Capsule

Answer 40

Uses seta to produce spores by meiosis

Question 41

Peristome

Answer 41

Upper part of the capsule features a ring of interlocking, tooth – like structures known as the peristome

Question 42

Stomata

Answer 42

Specialized pores in Moss and hornworts sporophytes which are also found in all vascular plants

Question 43

Peat

Answer 43

Partially decayed organic material

Question 44

Sphagnum

Answer 44

Does not decay readily, in part because of phenolic compounds embedded in its cell walls. A plant of the genus that comprises the peat mosses

Question 45

Xylem

Answer 45

Conducts most of the water and minerals, vascular tissue

Question 46

Tracheids

Answer 46

Tube – shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from roots

Question 47

Lignin

Answer 47

A complex organic polymer deposited in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody

Question 48

Lignified

Answer 48

Water – conducting cells in vascular plants are lignified, cell walls strengthened using the polymer lignin

Question 49

phloem

Answer 49

Has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Question 50

Roots

Answer 50

Organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil

Question 51

Leaves

Answer 51

Increase the surface area of the plant body and serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants

Question 52

Microphylls

Answer 52

Small, usually spine – shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue

Question 53

Megaphylls

Answer 53

Leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Question 54

Sori

Answer 54

Products of fern sporophylls in clusters of sporangia

Question 55

Strobili

Answer 55

In many lykophytes and in most gymnosperms, groups of sporophylls from cone – like structures called strobili

Question 56

Homosporous

Answer 56

Most seedless vascular plants species are homosporous and only have one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte, as in most ferns

Question 57

Heterosporous

Answer 57

Has two types of sporangia and produces two kinds of spores: megasporangia or megaspopophylls

Question 58

Megaspores

Answer 58

Develop into female gametophytes, produced by a megasporangia on megasporophylls

Question 59

Microspores

Answer 59

Microsporangia on microsporophylls produce the comparatively smaller microspores, which develop into male gametophytes

Question 60

Epiphytes

Answer 60

Plants that use other plants as a substrate but are not parasites

Question 61

Brood bodies

Answer 61

Small plantlets that detach from the parent plant and grow into new, genetically identical copies of their parent