Chapter 34 Vocabulary

Question 0

Chordates

Answer 0

Bilaterian animals

Question 1

Vertebrates

Answer 1

Derive their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the vertebral column, or backbone

Question 2

Notochord

Answer 2

A longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and nerve cord

Question 3

Pharyngeal clefts

Answer 3

A series of pouches separated by grooves that form along the sides of the pharynx

Question 4

Pharyngeal slits

Answer 4

Grooves that develop into slits that open to the outside of the body. Allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract

Question 5

Lancelets

Answer 5

Blade like shape. Most basal group of living Chordates

Question 6

Somites

Answer 6

Blocks of mesoderm which muscle segments develop from

Question 7

Tunicates

Answer 7

More closely related to other Chordates than are lancelets. A marine invertebrate of a group that includes the sea squirt and salps. They have a rubbery or hard outer coat and two siphons to draw water into and out of the body

Question 8

Craniates

Answer 8

Chordates with a head

Question 9

Neural crest

Answer 9

A collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo. These cells disperse throughout the body, where they give rise to a variety of structures

Question 10

Conodonts

Answer 10

Slender, soft bodied vertebrates with prominent eyes controlled by numerous muscles

Question 11

Gnathostomes

Answer 11

Diverse group that includes sharks and their relatives, refined fishes, lobe finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including birds) and mammals

Question 12

Lateral line system

Answer 12

Organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water

Question 13

Placoderms

Answer 13

Earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record include extinct lineages of armored vertebrates

Question 14

Acanthodians

Answer 14

Jawed vertebrates

Question 15

Chondrichthyans

Answer 15

“Cartilage fish”, have a skeleton composed predominantly of cartilage, though often impregnated with calcium

Question 16

Spiral valve

Answer 16

A corkscrew-shaped ridge that increases surface area and prolongs the passage of food through the digestive tract

Question 17

Oviparous

Answer 17

Laying eggs that hatch outside the mother’s body

Question 18

Ovoviviparous

Answer 18

Retain the fertilized eggs in the oviduct

Question 19

Viviparous

Answer 19

The young develop within the uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nutrients from the mother’s blood through a yolk sac placenta, by absorbing a nutritious fluid produced by the uterus, or by eating other eggs

Question 20

Cloaca

Answer 20

A common chamber by the excretory system and digestive tract empty into that has a single opening to the outside

Question 21

Operculum

Answer 21

A protective bony flap

Question 22

Swim bladder

Answer 22

An air sac fish can control buoyancy with

Question 23

Ray-finned fishes

Answer 23

Named for bony Rays that support their fins, the Ray-finned fishes originated during the Silurian period

Question 24

Lobe-fins

Answer 24

Other major lineage of osterichthyans, originated during the Silurian period

Question 25

Tetrapods

Answer 25

Tetrapods have limbs with digits

Question 26

Amphibians

Answer 26

Cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class comprising of salamanders, frogs, and caecilians

Question 27

Amniotes

Answer 27

A group of tetrapods whose extant members are the reptiles (including birds) and mammals. During their evolution, amniotes acquired a number of new adaptations to life on land

Question 28

Amniotic egg

Answer 28

Contains four specialized membranes: the amnion, the chorion, the yolk sac, and the allantois

Question 29

Extraembryoinic membranes

Answer 29

The four parts of the amniotic egg are called this because they are not part of the embryo itself. These membranes develop from tissue layers that grow out from the embryo

Question 30

Reptile

Answer 30

Includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians and birds, along with a number of extinct groups, such as plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs

Question 31

Ectothermic

Answer 31

Absorb external heat as their main source of body heat

Question 32

Endothermic

Answer 32

Birds are endothermic, capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolic activity

Question 33

Parareptiles

Answer 33

Reptiles diverged from their lizard-like ancestors, one of the first five major groups to emerge, which were mostly large, stocky, quadrupedal herbivores

Question 34

Diapsids

Answer 34

As parareptiles were dwindling, another ancient Clade of reptiles, the diapsids, was diversifying

Question 35

Lepidosaurs

Answer 35

One lineage gave rise to the Lepidosaurs, which include tuataras, lizards, and snakes

Question 36

Archosaurs

Answer 36

The other diapsid lineage, the archosaurs, produced the crocodilians, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs

Question 37

Pterosaurs

Answer 37

Originated in the late Triassic, were the first tetrapods to exhibit flapping flight

Question 38

Dinosaurs

Answer 38

Diversified into a vast range of shapes and sizes, from bipeds the size of a pigeon to 45-m-long quadrupeds with necks long enough to let them browse the tops of trees

Question 39

Theropods

Answer 39

Bipedal carnivores (t-Rex)

Question 40

Ratites

Answer 40

Several groups of living and extinct birds include one or more flightless species, which consist of the ostrich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, and emu, are all flightless

Question 41

Mammals

Answer 41

A warm-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for the nourishment of the young, and (typically) the birth of live young

Question 42

Synapsids

Answer 42

A fossil reptile of a Permian and Triassic group, the members of which show increasing mammalian characteristics and include the ancestors of mammals

Question 43

Monotremes

Answer 43

Are found only in Australia and New Guinea and are represented by one species of platypus and four species of echidnas (spiny anteaters). Monotremes lay eggs, a character that is ancestral for amniotes and retained in most reptiles

Question 44

Marsupials

Answer 44

A mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother's belly. Marsupials are found mainly in Australia and New Guinea, although three families, including the opossums, live in America

Question 45

Placenta

Answer 45

A structure in which nutrients diffuse into the embryo from the mothers blood

Question 46

Marsupium

Answer 46

Nursing young held within a maternal pouch called the marsupium

Question 47

Eutherians

Answer 47

Commonly called placental mammals because their placentas are more complex than those of marsupials. Longer pregnancy than marsupials

Question 48

Opposable thumb

Answer 48

Can touch ventral surface fingerprint side of the tip of all four fingers with the ventral surface of the thumb of the same hand

Question 49

Anthropoids

Answer 49

Include monkeys and apes and are found worldwide. Zoology of or relating to the group of higher primates. Including monkeys, apes, and humans

Question 50

Paleoanthropology

Answer 50

Study of human origins

Question 51

Hominius

Answer 51

20 extinct species that are more closely related to humans into chimpanzees