Chapter 2a, 2b, flipped activity quiz Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
96% of the human body is composed of…
A
Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, & Oxygen
2
Q
Proton:
A
Small particle with positive charge
3
Q
Electron:
A
Smaller particle with negative charge
4
Q
Isotope:
A
Different forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons
5
Q
Radioactive Isotopes
A
Elements that decay over time; unstable
6
Q
The atom is the ____ unit of an element
A
Smallest
7
Q
Covalent Bond
A
Two atoms share electrons to fill outer shell
8
Q
Ionic bond:
A
Two atoms join by the completion of valance shell
9
Q
Ions:
A
Atom or molecule that carries charge
10
Q
Cation:
A
Positive charge
11
Q
Anion:
A
Negative charge
12
Q
Water is considered the “_____”
A
Universal solvent
13
Q
Solution formula:
A
Solute dissolved into solvent
14
Q
Substances are ____ reactive in water
A
More
15
Q
Water is ______ and has _______ stoichiometry
A
polar; bent
16
Q
Cohesion:
A
Ability of molecules to bond with the same type of molecule
17
Q
Adhesion:
A
Ability of molecules to bond with other types of molecules
18
Q
Water is ________ as a liquid than solid
A
denser
19
Q
Water can absorb ______ amounts of energy
A
large
20
Q
Specific heat:
A
Amount of energy needed to raise temperature of 1g of substance by 1C
21
Q
Specific heat of water
A
4.18 joules
22
Q
Heat of vaporization:
A
Energy required to change 1g of substance from a liquid to gas
23
Q
Water dissociates into…
A
hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide ion (OH-)
24
Q
Acids:
A
substances that give up protons during chemical reactions and raise hydronium ion concentration (H3O+)
25
Adding _____ increases proton concentration
acid
26
Bases:
Substances that acquire protons during chemical reactions and lower H3O+
27
Bases ________ proton concentration
decrease
28
pH of pure water is
7
29
What is the pH inequality
acids < 7 < bases
30
Ether bond
2 hydroxyl groups
31
Amide
amino + carboxyl
32
Ester
carboxyl + hydroxyl
33
Phosphoester
phosphate + hydroxyl
34
Phosphoanhydride
2 phosphates
35
Mixed acid anhydride
carboxyl + phosphate
36
Acid anhydride
2 carboxyl groups
37
Two components of chemical reactions:
reactants + products
38
What is energy?
The capacity to do work or supply heat
39
What two ways is energy stored?
Kinetic or Potential
40
Potential energy:
stored potential to do work (shared electrons)
41
Kinetic energy:
Active energy of movement
42
Organic compounds:
molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements
43
Carbon provides the "______" of the molecule
skeleton
44
Chemical behavior is dictated by what?
functional groups
45
4 major building blocks of cells
monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, & nucleotides
46
Macromolecules are made by...
linking of building blocks
47
Monomers _______ to form ________
polymerize; polymers
48
BB: monosaccharides -->
MM: polysaccharides
49
BB: fatty acids -->
MM: fat & membrane lipids
50
BB: amino acids -->
MM: proteins
51
BB: nucleotides -->
MM: nucleic acids
52
This functional groups acts as a base
Amino
53
This functional group acts as an acid
carboxyl
54
What is biology?
The study of living organisms
55
What are the 5 fundamental characteristics of life?
Cells, replication, information, energy, and evolution
56
Cell theory:
what are organisms made of?
57
Theory of evolution by natural selection
where?
58
The chromosome theory of inheritance
How is information passed
59
What is a theory in science?
A finding with enough reasoning to support
60
Who were the German biologists?
Hooke & Van Leeuwenhoek
61
What did Hooke see?
Cell structure
62
What did Van Leeuwenhoek see?
Bacteria
63
What are cells?
Highly organized compartments that are closed by membrane
64
Two main types of microscopes
Light (200nm +) & Electron (200 nm below)
65
Two types of Electron microscopes
Scanning (surface & Transmission (interior)
66
What is energy needed for?
Chemical reactions in cells
67
What is evolution?
Change of a population over time
68
Why is evolution necessary?
To adapt to environment for a better chance at survival
69
What are the three domains of life?
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
70
Characteristics of eukaryotes
nucleus, DNA, plasma membrane, bigger, membrane bound organelles
71
Characteristics of prokaryotes
DNA, plasma membrane
72
Viruses are?
Not living
73
What does all the work in a cell?
Proteins
74
How many amino acids are there?
20
75
What makes amino acids hydrophobic?
Non-polar
76
Monomer:
Amino acids get shrunken to make polymers
77
What does the alpha carbon do?
Hold amino acids together
78
What are the two forms of amino acids?
Ionized and Non-ionized
79
What is the only difference between the amino acids?
R-group (side chain)
80
3 types of R-groups
Charged, Uncharged polar, Non polar
81
Charged side chains:
Acidic, basic ionizable groups, hydrophilic
82
Uncharged polar side chains:
Contain polar covalent bonds, hydrophilic
83
Non polar side chains
No polar covalent bonds, hydrophobic
84
Sulfhydryl:
supports tertiary and quaternary structures
85
When do amino acids polymerize?
An amide bond forms between the carboxyl group of two amino acids
86
C-N bond is called
Peptide bond
87
Not all ___ bonds are peptide bonds, but every _____ bond is an amide bond
amide, peptide
88
Polypeptides have a carbon-nitrogen ____
backbone
89
50 amino acids or less is a
oligo peptide
90
structure = _______
function
91
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
92
Protein folding can be "______"
infectious
93
What are disease-causing proteins called?
prions
94
Give an example of an infection from protein folding
mad cows disease
95
Proteins are crucial to complete
catalysis, defense, movement, signaling, structure, and transport
96
What is the most important function of proteins?
catalysis
97
What do enzymes do?
Bring substrates together in a precise orientation that makes the reaction more likely to occur
98
Enzymes are _______ for each reaction
specific (think of nut and bolt)
99
What is a nucleic acid?
a polymer of nucleotide monomers
100
Three components of nucleic acids:
five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
101
Monomers of RNA:
Ribonucleotides
102
Monomers of DNA:
Deoxyribonucleotides
103
What are the nitrogenous bases?
Cytosine, uracil, thymine, guanine, and adenine
104
What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, uracil, and thymine
105
What nitrogenous bases are purines?
guanine and adenine
106
AMP
adenosine monophosphated
107
dAMP
depxyadenosine monophosphate
108
UDP
Uridine diphosphate
109
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
110
Base + sugar =
nucleoside
111
Base + sugar + phosphate =
nucleotide
112
Structural polarity
Structure of ends of strand (not charges!)
113
Primary structure of DNA
sequence is read and written from 5' to 3'
114
Exergonic reaction
outside?
115
The addition of phosphate in activated molecules does what?
raise potential energy
116
Guanine pairs with?
cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds)
117
Adenine pairs with?
Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds)
118
DNA is shaped as a...
double helix
119
DNA strands are...
anti-parallel
120
Genes:
segments of DNA that contain hereditary information
121
Central Dogma describes...
The flow of information in cells
122
Transcription of DNA
DNA being copied into RNA
123
Translation of DNA
RNA being turned into proteins, creating physical traits
124
What is the shape of a RNA molecule?
Hairpin loop
