Chapter 3

Question 1

Organic Compound

Answer 1

A compound containing carbon

Question 2

Critically important molecules of all living things fall into which four main classes?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Question 3

Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins can form huge molecules called ______?

Answer 3

Macromolecules

Question 4

Carbon has how many valence electrons?

Answer 4

4

Question 5

A carbon atom that has 4 single bonds to other atoms

Answer 5

Methane

Question 6

A molecule that has two groups of single bonded carbon atoms

Answer 6

Ethane

Question 7

A molecule with two double bonded carbon atoms with two other single bonds each

Answer 7

Ethene (ethylene)

Question 8

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Answer 8

Hydrocarbons

Question 9

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties

Answer 9

Isomers

Question 10

Isomers that vary in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

Answer 10

Structural Isomers

Question 11

Carbons with covalent bonds to the same atoms which differ in their spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds

Answer 11

cis-trans Isomers

Question 12

Isomers that are mirror images of one another

Answer 12

Enantiomers

Question 13

Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions

Answer 13

Functional Groups

Question 14

What are the seven functional groups most important in the chemistry of life?

Answer 14

Hydroxyl Group, Carbonyl Group, Carboxyl Group, Amino Group, Sulfhydryl Group, Phosphate Group, Methyl Group

Question 15

An organic phosphate molecule which has an important function in the cell

Answer 15

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 16

Structure and function of ATP

Answer 16

Consists of a molecule of adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups. Stores the potential to react to water, releasing energy that can be used by the cell.

Question 17

Polymer

Answer 17

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.

Question 18

Monomers

Answer 18

The small building block molecules of polymers.

Question 19

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 19

Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.

Question 20

Hydrolysis

Answer 20

Polymers are disassembled in a process that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction.

Question 21

Enzymes

Answer 21

Speed up chemical reactions.

Question 22

Carbohydrates

Answer 22

Include sugars and the polymers of sugars.

Question 23

Monosaccharides

Answer 23

The simplest carbohydrates, simple sugars. Have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH20. Serve as major nutrients for the cells and as raw material for building molecules.

Question 24

Polysaccharides

Answer 24

Carbohydrate macromolecules, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks.

Question 25

Disccharide

Answer 25

Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

Question 26

Glycosidic Linkage

Answer 26

The covalent bond of disaccharides.

Question 27

Starch

Answer 27

A storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers.

Question 28

Glycogen

Answer 28

The storage polysaccharide in animals.

Question 29

Cellulose

Answer 29

The polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants.

Question 30

Chitin

Answer 30

A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. Also provides the structural support for the cell walls of many fungi.

Question 31

Lipids

Answer 31

Do not form true polymers. Hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons which form nonpolar covalent bonds. Include fats, phospholipids and steroids.

Question 32

Fats

Answer 32

Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 33

Fatty acid

Answer 33

A carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton.

Question 34

Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 34

Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds.

Question 35

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 35

Have one or more double bonds.

Question 36

Trans Fats

Answer 36

Produced when unsaturated fats are synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen.

Question 37

Phospholipids

Answer 37

When two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol. Two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group is not. Major constituents of cell membranes.

Question 38

Steroids

Answer 38

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

Question 39

Cholesterol

Answer 39

An important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes.

Question 40

Protein Functions

Answer 40

defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, structural support

Question 41

Polypeptides

Answer 41

Unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids.

Question 42

Protein

Answer 42

A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.

Question 43

Amino Acid

Answer 43

An organic molecule with both an amino and carboxyl group.

Question 44

Peptide Bond

Answer 44

Formed when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other and become joined through a dehydration reaction.

Question 45

Primary Structure of protein

Answer 45

Its unique sequence of amino acids.

Question 46

Secondary Structure of protein

Answer 46

Consists of the coils and folds in the polypeptide chain.

Question 47

Tertiary Structure of protein

Answer 47

The overall shape of the polypeptide.

Question 48

Quaternary Structure of protein

Answer 48

Results from the interactions between multiple polypeptide chains.

Question 49

Denaturation

Answer 49

The loss of a protein's native structure. A denatured protein is biologically inactive.