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1
Q

1) Activating particular associations in memory is called:

A)    triggering.	
B)    initiation.
C)    galvanization.
D)    priming.
A

D

2
Q

2) Andrea’s mother invites Andrea and her boyfriend for dinner. She tells Andrea that she will make sushi. Hearing this, Andrea remembers a previous instance when her boyfriend had an allergic reaction to seafood. This scenario exemplifies:

A)    belief perseverance.	
B)    reconstruction.
C)    priming.
D)    induction.
A

C

3
Q

3) Zachary watches a horror movie alone. Later that night, he wakes up hearing a strange noise and notices an ominous shadow moving outside his window. Fearing that someone is trying to break into his house, he turns on the light. When he looks out through the window, he finds leaves rustling and the shadow of a plant. Which of the following best explains the initial reaction of Zachary?

A)    Centration	
B)    Priming
C)    The confirmation bias
D)    The misinformation effect
A

B

4
Q

4) Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman notes that human beings have two brain systems. In this context, identify a characteristic of System 1.

A)    It requires conscious effort.	
B)    It requires conscious attention.
C)    It functions automatically.
D)    It influences actions insignificantly.
A

C

5
Q

5) In the context of psychology, the mutual influence of bodily sensations on intellective preferences and social judgments is known as:

A)    congruence.	
B)    embodied cognition.
C)    confabulation.
D)    belief perseverance.
A

B

6
Q

6) Jack works as a software engineer in a multinational company. He finds that the company is training employees to develop their leadership skills. Jack, who values self-development, considers this a good opportunity to improve his skills. In the context of perceiving and interpreting events, which of the following statements is true?

A)    Jack's beliefs do not influence how he sees new information.	
B)    Jack's beliefs influence how he sees new information.
C)    Jack's beliefs are unrelated to how he sees new information.
D)    Jack's beliefs change with new information.
A

B

7
Q

7) Sometimes the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as:

A)    rationalization.	
B)    cognitive dissonance.
C)    attitude consistency.
D)    belief perseverance.
A

D

8
Q

8) A researcher tells the participants of his study that risk-prone people make better firefighters than cautious people by showing some anecdotal evidence. Then, he asks the participants to explain why risk-prone people make better firefighters. Finally, he establishes that cautious people are better firefighters with the help of scientific evidence and informs the participants that the anecdote was made up for the study. In the context of belief perseverance, the participants of this study are most likely to:

A)    change their original view and acknowledge that cautious people make better firefighters.	
B)    believe that both risk-prone and cautious people are likely to be equally good as firefighters.
C)    be confused whether risk-prone or cautious people make better firefighters.
D)    continue to believe that risk-prone people make better fighters.
A

D

9
Q

9) You tend to assume a person is still a good friend even after the person acts otherwise. This tendency is known as:

A)    belief perseverance.	
B)    belief continuity.
C)    the correspondence bias.
D)    the belief disconfirmation bias.
A

A

10
Q

10) Despite reading numerous research studies that associate fast food consumption with heart disease and diabetes, Rachel continues eating fast food and considers it harmless. Rachel’s thinking is an example of:

A)    belief assimilation.	
B)    belief consolidation.
C)    belief perseverance.
D)    the operation of the availability heuristic.
A

C

11
Q

11) The persistence of one’s initial conceptions is called:

A)    the hindsight bias.	
B)    cognitive dissonance.
C)    belief perseverance.
D)    counterfactual thinking.
A

C

12
Q

12) While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man ignoring the red signal and causing an accident. Then, the man who caused the accident gets out of his car to talk to you. He tells you that the signal was yellow when he tried crossing the street. Later, you tell the police that you remember the signal being yellow, not red, when the man tried crossing the intersection. This scenario illustrates:

A)    the priming effect.	
B)    the confirmation bias.
C)    belief perseverance.
D)    the misinformation effect.
A

D

13
Q

13) Incorporating inaccurate information into one’s memory of an event after witnessing the event and receiving misleading information about it is called the:

A)    priming effect.	
B)    confirmation bias.
C)    information processing fallacy.
D)    misinformation effect.
A

D

14
Q

14) In the context of reconstructing past attitudes, researchers asked students to answer a long survey that included a question about student control over the university curriculum. A week later, they agreed to write an essay opposing student control. After doing so, their attitudes shifted toward greater opposition to student control. When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier, most of the students:

A)    remembered having held a very different attitude.	
B)    could not remember how they had felt.
C)    remembered having felt the same as they do now.
D)    admitted they had always supported student control of the university curriculum but pretended to oppose it in their essays.
A

C

15
Q

15) Ryan, an employee in an IT firm, recalls going on a fishing trip to a lake with his family as a child. It was a hot and humid day, and he had a minor accident. However, Ryan has forgotten the unpleasant memories of the day and fondly remembers the positive experiences, such as the lake, the fun they had, and the first fish they caught. In the context of reconstructing past attitudes, which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?

A)    anthropocentric thinking	
B)    the backfire effect
C)    the correspondence bias
D)    rosy retrospection
A

D

16
Q

16) Implicit thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness is called:

A)    controlled processing.	
B)    automatic processing.
C)    internal processing.
D)    intentional processing.
A

B

17
Q

17) Jumping out of your seat when you see an unexpected scene in a movie is what type of thinking?

A)    controlled processing	
B)    automatic processing
C)    internal processing
D)    intentional processing
A

B

18
Q

18) Explicit thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called:

A)    controlled processing.	
B)    automatic processing.
C)    external processing.
D)    intentional processing.
A

A

19
Q

19) Mental concepts or templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations are called:

A)    schemas.	
B)    hypotheses.
C)    ethics.
D)    theories.
A

A

20
Q

20) Your best friend is a master chess player and has won numerous awards. When playing chess with her, you notice that she seems to be aware of strategies almost immediately after your moves. Her awareness of these strategies reflects what type of thinking?

A)    controlled processing	
B)    automatic processing
C)    internal processing
D)    intentional processing
A

B

21
Q

21) You immediately recognize your friend’s voice over the phone. This is an example of:

A)    controlled processing.	
B)    illusory correlation.
C)    automatic processing.
D)    an attribution error.
A

C

22
Q

22) The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs is called the:

A)    perseverance bias.	
B)    fundamental attribution error.
C)    correspondence bias.
D)    overconfidence phenomenon.
A

D

23
Q

23) Your brother appears to be self-assured when talking to others. You realize that your brother is more often confident about things rather than accurate about them. Your brother’s behavior can be explained by the:

A)    perseverance bias.	
B)    fundamental attribution error.
C)    correspondence bias.
D)    overconfidence phenomenon.
A

D

24
Q

24) Evan has a job interview in a different city. The airport in his city is far from his place. Despite being aware of the heavy traffic in his city, he starts late for the airport as he is convinced he can reach on time. However, he misses his flight and is unable to attend the interview. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:

A)    the misinformation effect.	
B)    the overconfidence phenomenon.
C)    the availability heuristic.
D)    the representativeness heuristic.
A

B

25
Q

25) Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman notes that human beings have two brain systems. In this context, which of the following is true of System 2?

A)    It functions automatically.	
B)    It requires conscious attention.
C)    It functions out of awareness.
D)    It forms intuition or gut feeling.
A

B

26
Q

26) Every semester, you underestimate how long you will take to complete a research paper that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the:

A)    perseverance bias.	
B)    fundamental attribution error.
C)    correspondence bias.
D)    overconfidence phenomenon.
A

D

27
Q

27) Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?

A)    Get people to think of one good reason why their judgments might be wrong.	
B)    Delay feedback regarding the accuracy of people's judgments.
C)    Inform people about the overconfidence bias.
D)    Tell people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias.
A

A

28
Q

28) Which of the following strategies will NOT be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?

A)    Give prompt feedback to the person about his or her decisions.	
B)    Have the person consider disconfirming information.
C)    Have the person think about why he or she could be wrong.
D)    Give the person feedback about others' performance.
A

D

29
Q

29) One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information:

A)    from experts.	
B)    that is objective and factual.
C)    that involves judging estimates and comparisons.
D)    that might disprove what they believe.
A

D

30
Q

30) When we are eager to seek information that verifies our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove our beliefs, the _____ occurs.

A)    hindsight bias	
B)    confirmation bias
C)    self-fulfilling prophecy
D)    fundamental attribution error
A

B

31
Q

31) Sharon typically follows those news channels that support her existing political beliefs. She is not inclined to watch news on other channels as they may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon’s approach illustrates the:

A)    confirmation bias.	
B)    misinformation effect.
C)    base-rate fallacy.
D)    I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
A

A

32
Q

32) Which of the following is a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments?

A)    an implicit attitude	
B)    an explicit attitude
C)    a heuristic
D)    a confirmation bias
A

C

33
Q

33) The tendency to judge something by intuitively comparing it to our mental representation of a category is to use the _____ heuristic.

A)    availability	
B)    representativeness
C)    vividness
D)    matching
A

B

34
Q

34) The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member is referred to as the _____ heuristic.

A)    availability	
B)    representativeness
C)    vividness
D)    matching
A

B

35
Q

35) On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man in the front of the room talking to a younger man. If we assume the older man is a professor and the younger man is a student, we are relying on _____.

A)    the overconfidence phenomenon	
B)    the representativeness heuristic
C)    belief perseverance
D)    the misinformation effect
A

B

36
Q

36) During a hospital stay, you observed a man and a woman, both in health professional attire, talking to each other. You assumed that the man was a physician and that the woman was a nurse. Later, you found out the opposite to be true. What type of heuristic did you use during your initial reaction to the two individuals?

A)    the availability heuristic	
B)    the representativeness heuristic
C)    the vividness heuristic
D)    the matching heuristic
A

B

37
Q

37) Natalie’s friend Jordan enjoys eating good food and visits new restaurants every week. He watches cooking shows regularly and does not shy away from trying new cuisines. Seeing his interest in food, Natalie assumes that Jordan is an expert cook. Which of the following concepts of psychology is illustrated in Natalie’s assumption?

A)    counterfactual thinking	
B)    belief perseverance
C)    the overjustification effect
D)    the representativeness heuristic
A

D

38
Q

38) A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their presence in memory is called the _____ heuristic.

A)    availability	
B)    representativeness
C)    vividness
D)    matching
A

A

39
Q

39) Although travelers in the United States are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on an airplane trip covering the same distance, people often assume that flying is more dangerous than driving. What type of heuristic are people using when they make this assumption?

A)    the availability heuristic	
B)    the representativeness heuristic
C)    the vividness heuristic
D)    the matching heuristic
A

A

40
Q

40) Assuming most crimes involve violence because the media generally reports stories on rapes, robberies, and beatings is an example of the _____ heuristic.

A)    availability	
B)    representativeness
C)    vividness
D)    matching
A

A

41
Q

41) After 9/11, many people abandoned air travel most likely because of the:

A)    availability heuristic.	
B)    representativeness heuristic.
C)    confirmation bias.
D)    planning fallacy.
A

A

42
Q

42) The tendency to imagine alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but did not, is called:

A)    the base-rate fallacy.	
B)    automatic thinking.
C)    the reflective bias.
D)    counterfactual thinking.
A

D

43
Q

43) Yvette gets a B in her psychology exam. She tells her friend, “If I had put in a little more effort, I could have scored an A in the test.” This is an example of:

A)    implicit thinking.	
B)    explicit thinking.
C)    counterfactual thinking.
D)    the fundamental attribution error.
A

C

44
Q

44) Maxine is the captain of her school’s basketball team. After losing an interschool basketball tournament by one point, she is depressed and feels guilty. She thinks that if she had not made three consecutive fouls, her team would have won the match. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:

A)    cognitive dissonance.	
B)    priming.
C)    egocentrism.
D)    counterfactual thinking.
A

D

45
Q

45) Ella participates in a beauty pageant and is the first runner-up. She thinks that she would have won the pageant if only she had performed better in the talent round. In the context of social thinking, which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?

A)    elaboration	
B)    decentration
C)    counterfactual thinking
D)    convergent thinking
A

C

46
Q

46) Caleb argues with his best friend over a misunderstanding. Subsequently, his friend stops talking to him as he is offended. Caleb later feels guilty for behaving immaturely and thinks of ways in which he could have handled the situation better and avoided the argument. In the context of social thinking, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

A)    belief perseverance	
B)    counterfactual thinking
C)    an illusory correlation
D)    the overconfidence phenomenon
A

B

47
Q

47) Counterfactual thinking occurs when:

A)    we are not expecting a favorable outcome.	
B)    we are surprised by favorable results.
C)    we can easily picture an alternative outcome.
D)    an event is insignificant.
A

C

48
Q

48) The perception of a relationship where none exists, or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists, is called:

A)    the representative heuristic.	
B)    the availability heuristic.
C)    an illusory correlation.
D)    the overconfidence phenomenon.
A

C

49
Q

49) Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents:

A)    the representative heuristic.	
B)    the availability heuristic.
C)    an illusory correlation.
D)    the overconfidence phenomenon.
A

C

50
Q

50) The idea that chance events are subject to our influence describes:

A)    an illusory correlation.	
B)    the illusion of control.
C)    the representative heuristic.
D)    the availability heuristic.
A

B

51
Q

51) Brian does not prepare well for an upcoming psychology exam. He is religious and prays regularly before the exam to score well. When he scores more than he expected, he assumes that he did well because he prayed. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates the:

A)    principle of simplicity.	
B)    illusion of control.
C)    representative heuristic.
D)    gambler's fallacy.
A

B

52
Q

52) The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward their average is called:

A)    the regression heuristic.	
B)    regression toward the extreme.
C)    regression toward the average.
D)    reversion.
A

C

53
Q

53) Although you once earned a 100 in your physics exam, you have subsequently been unable to earn a perfect score again. Your experience may be understood in terms of:

A)    an illusory correlation.	
B)    regression toward the average.
C)    the representativeness heuristic.
D)    counterfactual thinking.
A

B

54
Q

54) Alex, a professional soccer player, played extremely well in the first few years of his career. Later, his career suffered a setback, and he became a mediocre player. In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates:

A)    the misinformation effect.	
B)    the overconfidence phenomenon.
C)    regression toward the average.
D)    counterfactual thinking.
A

C

55
Q

55) Which of the following statements about moods and judgments is true?

A)    Unhappy people are as loving as happy ones.	
B)    Depressed people avoid self-focusing.
C)    One's judgments are independent of one's moods.
D)    Moods pervade one's thinking.
A

D

56
Q

56) Snap judgments of whether someone or something fits a category is known as _____.

A)    the availability heuristic	
B)    counterfactual thinking
C)    the representativeness heuristic
D)    embodied cognition
A

C

57
Q

57) Antonia Abbey and colleagues (1987, 1991, 2011) found that _____ are highly likely to attribute a _____ friendliness to sexual interest.

A)    women; man's	
B)    men; woman's
C)    both women and men; man's
D)    both women and men; woman's
A

B

58
Q

58) In the context of social thinking, erroneously ascribing a behavior to the wrong source is called:

A)    free association.	
B)    chunking.
C)    misattribution.
D)    belief perseverance.
A

C

59
Q

59) The theory of how people explain others’ behavior by ascribing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations is called:

A)    dispositional theory.	
B)    motivational theory.
C)    situational theory.
D)    attribution theory.
A

D

60
Q

60) A fellow student is consistently late for class. You assume this is because he is lazy and disorganized. What type of attribution are you making in this situation?

A)    a motivational attribution	
B)    a dispositional attribution
C)    a situational attribution
D)    an illusory attribution
A

B

61
Q

61) In the context of social thinking, which of the following illustrates a dispositional attribution?

A)    Chiara dislikes playing with her classmates because she is an introvert.	
B)    Ayaan seldom talks openly with his mother because she is strict and unpredictable.
C)    Thomas falls from his bike because the road is slippery.
D)    Rhea loves spring season because the weather is cheerful.
A

A

62
Q

62) You are consistently late for your psychology class because the biology class scheduled immediately before the psychology class is in a different building in the campus. You are concerned as your professor may conclude you are not a serious student because of your chronic tardiness. So, you inform her why you are always late. Which of the following types of attributions is your professor likely to make about your behavior?

A)    a motivational attribution	
B)    a dispositional attribution
C)    a situational attribution
D)    an internal attribution
A

C

63
Q

63) Lillian is late for an appointment with her business partner, Owen, because of heavy rain. Instead of assuming that Lillian is irresponsible, Owen ascribes her delay to environmental factors. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:

A)    the fundamental attribution error.	
B)    a dispositional attribution.
C)    a situational attribution.
D)    the illusion of transparency.
A

C

64
Q

64) In the context of social thinking, which of the following exemplifies a situational attribution?

A)    Daniel believes that others dislike him because he is not as good in mathematics as they are.	
B)    Harry decides not to go shopping during the weekend as he dislikes crowded places.
C)    Paula is restless because it is a hot day, and she gets irritated when her brother invites her to play basketball.
D)    Harper visits art museums in her leisure because she loves painting.
A

C

65
Q

65) Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because she is an unhappy person. What type of attribution are you making to explain her behavior?

A)    a motivational attribution	
B)    a dispositional attribution
C)    a situational attribution
D)    an illusory attribution
A

B

66
Q

66) Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because he has not been given a raise for the last 10 years. What type of attribution are you making to explain his behavior?

A)    a motivational attribution	
B)    a dispositional attribution
C)    a situational attribution
D)    a personal attribution
A

C

67
Q

67) Attributing behavior to a person’s traits is called a(n) _____ attribution.

A)    motivational	
B)    dispositional
C)    situational
D)    epigenetic
A

B

68
Q

68) Attributing behavior to a person’s environment is called a _____ attribution.

A)    motivational	
B)    dispositional
C)    situational
D)    genetic
A

C

69
Q

69) After reading a newspaper article about teenagers who illegally download music from the Internet, you conclude that those who engage in such behavior are morally bankrupt. It never occurs to you that the actual reason teenagers download music from the Internet is because they are not able to afford a compact disc, or they are tempted to download music because of peer pressure. Your thinking on this matter can be characterized by the:

A)    false consensus bias.	
B)    misinformation effect.
C)    fundamental attribution error.
D)    dispositional bias.
A

C

70
Q

70) Feng joins the production department of a textile company as a trainee. He finds out that his colleagues believe he is unfriendly and arrogant because he talks less. They do not consider the fact that he belongs to a culture different from their own in which talking less is highly valued. In the context of social thinking, which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?

A)    the insufficient justification effect	
B)    counterfactual thinking
C)    the fundamental attribution error
D)    cognitive dissonance
A

C

71
Q

71) The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior is called the:

A)    false consensus bias.	
B)    misinformation effect.
C)    fundamental attribution error.
D)    dispositional bias.
A

C

72
Q

72) Researchers Edward Jones and Victor Harris (1967) had Duke University students read debaters’ speeches supporting or attacking Cuba’s leader at the time, Fidel Castro. When told that the debater chose which position to take, the students:

A)    assumed the debater's position merely reflected the demands of the assignment.	
B)    described the speaker's position as poorly developed.
C)    concluded that to some extent the speech reflected the person's own attitude.
D)    concluded that the debating coach was an effective persuader.
A

C

73
Q

73) During his project presentation, Bob falls sick and performs poorly. However, his colleague, Dan, concludes that Bob is timid and lacks confidence. Dan’s tendency to ignore Bob’s sickness and focus on his traits as a reason for his poor performance exemplifies the:

A)    false consensus bias.	
B)    misinformation effect.
C)    fundamental attribution error.
D)    dispositional bias.
A

C

74
Q

74) The fundamental attribution error is the tendency for observers to _____ situational influences and _____ dispositional influences upon others’ behavior.

A)    overestimate; underestimate	
B)    underestimate; overestimate
C)    underestimate; ignore
D)    overestimate; ignore
A

B

75
Q

75) Inferring that Cinderella is truly meek as she cowers in her oppressive home is an example of how we often:

A)    focus on internal traits.	
B)    ignore temporary moods.
C)    forget about situational influences.
D)    notice public and private behaviors.
A

C

76
Q

76) In an experiment, Lee Ross set up a simulated quiz game. He randomly assigned some Stanford University students to play the role of questioner, some to play the role of contestant, and others to observe. Results indicated that:

A)    both contestants and observers thought the questioners were more knowledgeable than the contestants.	
B)    both contestants and observers thought the contestants were more knowledgeable than the questioners.
C)    observers thought the questioners were more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to the situation.
D)    questioners thought themselves to be knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to the situation.
A

A

77
Q

77) Individuals who commit the fundamental attribution error tend to _____.

A)    presume that others are the way they act	
B)    underestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior
C)    overestimate situational influences upon others' behavior
D)    hold beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment
A

A

78
Q

78) According to the fundamental attribution error, observers:

A)    underestimate situational influences.	
B)    emphasize social circumstances.
C)    underestimate internal causes.
D)    engage in situational attribution.
A

A

79
Q

79) In a study conducted by Lassiter et al. (2005, 2007) and Lassiter and Irvine (1986), participants observed a suspect confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that the participants were likely to perceive the confession as coerced when:

A)    live.	
B)    viewing through a two-way mirror.
C)    the camera was focused on the suspect.
D)    the camera was focused on the detective.
A

D

80
Q

80) In a study conducted by Lassiter et al. (2005, 2007) and Lassiter and Irvine (1986), participants observed a suspect confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that the participants were likely to perceive the confession as genuine when:

A)    live.	
B)    viewing through a two-way mirror.
C)    the camera was focused on the suspect.
D)    the camera was focused on the detective.
A

C

81
Q

81) In the context of social thinking, which of the following exemplifies the fundamental attribution error?

A)    Arianna concludes that her colleague did not greet her the previous day because he is rude rather than considering that he might have had a bad day.	
B)    Carter decides to enroll in a mediocre college rather than a prestigious one because his friends are doing so.
C)    Morgan sees an accident victim but does not take any action assuming that others will help the injured person.
D)    Tyler believes that his daughter will excel in baseball as well because she is an excellent soccer player.
A

A

82
Q

82) Identify a reason for the fundamental attribution error.

A)    One focuses on the environment when analyzing others.	
B)    One overestimates situational influences upon others' behavior.
C)    One finds causes where one looks for them.
D)    One underestimates dispositional influences upon others' behavior
A

C

83
Q

83) Unlike her friends, Olivia, a 25-year-old, refrains from spending lavishly on clothes and luxury items. Her friends label her a miser for being thrifty. In reality, she is saving money to buy her own car. In this scenario, Juan’s friends are most likely _____.

A)    influenced by the disposition effect.	
B)    committing the group attribution error.
C)    committing the fundamental attribution error.
D)    influenced by the mere exposure effect.
A

C

84
Q

84) According to Jellison and Green (1981), an individualistic Western worldview predisposes people to _____.

A)    assume that individuals cause events	
B)    believe that events are caused by situations
C)    socially reject internal explanations for happenings
D)    explain others' behavior in terms of environmental factors
A

A

85
Q

85) In _____ cultures, people less often perceive others in terms of personal dispositions than other cultures.

A)    individualistic	
B)    collectivistic
C)    religious
D)    secular
A

B

86
Q

86) Those who make situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that:

A)    offer direct support to the poor.	
B)    are unsympathetic to the poor.
C)    tend to blame the poor for their problems.
D)    are more neutral regarding poverty and unemployment.
A

A

87
Q

87) Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that:

A)    offer direct support to the poor.	
B)    are unsympathetic to the poor.
C)    tend to blame the environment for their problems.
D)    are more neutral regarding poverty and unemployment.
A

B

88
Q

88) A belief that leads to its own accomplishment is called:

A)    a self-fulfilling prophecy.	
B)    a belief confirmation.
C)    self-confirming validity.
D)    behavioral perseverance.
A

A

89
Q

89) You believe that you will perform poorly in exams even if you study well. As a consequence of this belief, you get low grades. This is an example of:

A)    self-confirming validity.	
B)    a belief confirmation.
C)    a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)    behavioral perseverance.
A

C

90
Q

90) Murray and his colleagues (2003) found that, among married couples, the self-fulfilling prophecy occurred when one person interpreted slight hurts as rejections. The person who felt rejected was then motivated to:

A)    value his or her partner for his or her honesty.	
B)    value his or her partner yet become distant from him or her.
C)    devalue his or her partner but try to become close to him or her.
D)    devalue his or her partner and become distant from him or her
A

D

91
Q

91) You attend a party where you do not know anyone but expect others to be friendly toward you. You greet people warmly. Your actions, in turn, lead other people to behave in a friendly manner with you. This situation can best be described as:

A)    an illusory correlation.	
B)    the representativeness heuristic.
C)    the availability heuristic.
D)    behavioral confirmation.
A

D

92
Q

92) In a study conducted by Ridge and Reber (2002), men had to interview women for a teaching assistant position. The men were told that job candidates were either attracted to them or not attracted. The findings revealed that the:

A)    men were likely to hire the female applicants.	
B)    men were likely to perceive the women as being attractive.
C)    women perceived the men as being attracted to them.
D)    applicants believed to feel an attraction exhibited flirtatiousness.
A

D

93
Q

93) According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975), if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly:

A)    tell them that they should be neat and tidy.	
B)    congratulate them for being neat and tidy.
C)    punish them for not putting trash in wastebaskets.
D)    tell them that people who litter are bad.
A

B

94
Q

94) Researchers had male students talk on the telephone with women they thought were either attractive or unattractive. When the researchers later analyzed the women’s comments, they found that the:

A)    women thought to be attractive spoke more warmly than the other women.	
B)    women thought to be unattractive tried hard to be likable and made better conversation.
C)    women thought to be attractive spoke in an aloof and superior manner.
D)    women thought to be unattractive spoke slowly and deliberately.
A

A

95
Q

95) According to a study by Ridge and Reber (2002), if you are told that someone you have never met is attracted to you, you will likely:

A)    behave toward that person in a way that draws out their flirtatious behavior.	
B)    behave toward that person in a way that causes them to become shy and withdrawn.
C)    feel little attraction to that person.
D)    avoid that person if you can.
A

A

96
Q

96) When our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm their expectations, _____ is at work.

A)    an illusory correlation	
B)    the confirmation bias
C)    behavioral confirmation
D)    the illusion of control
A

C

97
Q

97) Richard Miller and colleagues (1975) investigated the reduction of littering in three classrooms. Which class still showed a reduction in littering 2 weeks after the study ended?

	A)    the class that was repeatedly told that they should be neat and tidy	
	B)    the class that was reprimanded repeatedly for littering
	C)    the class that was repeatedly congratulated for being neat and tidy
	D)    the class whose littering was ignored
A

C

98
Q

98) According to Gilbert and Malone (1995) and Heider (1958), which of the following psychological theories analyzes how one explains people’s behavior and what one infers from it?

A)    drive theory	
B)    attribution theory
C)    self-verification theory
D)    social exchange theory
A

B

99
Q

99) Filip is overweight and is often made fun of by people at work. They assume that he is obese because he is lazy and a binge eater and avoids exercising. They are unaware of the fact that Filip suffers from a medical condition that has slowed down his metabolism and exhausts him easily. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:

A)    the halo effect.	
B)    the fundamental attribution error.
C)    the less-is-better effect.
D)    Parkinson's law of triviality.
A

B

100
Q

100) Which of the following statements about overconfidence is true?

A)    Usually, people are aware of their errors.	
B)    Competence feeds overconfidence.
C)    Overconfident individuals are good decision makers.
D)    People tend to be more confident than correct.
A

D

101
Q

101) Joanna watches a thriller movie Saw II. At 2:00 a.m., she hears a scratching sound on her window. Instead of realizing that the sound is caused by a tree branch, she assumes that a serial killer is trying to break in. This is an example of:

A)    priming.	
B)    attribution.
C)    automatic processing.
D)    controlled processing.
A

A

102
Q

102) We are eager to verify our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove them. This phenomenon is called the:

A)    false uniqueness effect.	
B)    false consensus effect.
C)    confirmation bias.
D)    overconfidence bias.
A

C

103
Q

103) Ever since Lena watched the news on the rise of shark attacks, she has forbidden her teenage son from going to the beach. However, she does not mind him violating traffic rules. This scenario exemplifies:

A)    the representativeness heuristic.	
B)    the survivorship bias.
C)    the availability heuristic.
D)    the social desirability bias.
A

C

104
Q

104) Fatima comes across a list of jackpot winners in a magazine, the majority of whom are women, and starts considering her likelihood of winning the jackpot. She becomes obsessed with the idea of winning and spends all her time and energy playing online jackpot games. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:

A)    the fundamental attribution error.	
B)    the availability heuristic.
C)    the representativeness heuristic.
D)    the overjustification effect.
A

B

105
Q

105) Steve likes Samantha. He has been asking her out every day for the past month and believes that she is flattered by his unwavering attention. Samantha files harassment charges against Steve. This example shows possible problems with:

A)    the fundamental attribution error.	
B)    the confirmation bias.
C)    self-awareness.
D)    misattribution.
A

D

106
Q

106) Tania is an employee in an IT firm. She behaves in a friendly manner with her mentor and smiles at him courteously. However, her mentor wrongly assumes that Tania is sexually attracted to him. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:

A)    misattribution.	
B)    the availability heuristic.
C)    embodied cognition.
D)    an illusory correlation.
A

A

107
Q

107) When a teacher believes that a child’s underachievement is due to lack of motivation and ability, it reflects a:

A)    dispositional attribution.	
B)    situational attribution.
C)    self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)    confirmation bias.
A

A

108
Q

108) Ivan is traveling by bus. All of a sudden, he feels unwell and occupies a vacant window seat. An old man boards the bus after some time. Unable to find a vacant seat, the old man requests Ivan to vacate his seat. Ivan politely declines. The old man assumes that Ivan is inconsiderate and indifferent. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:

A)    counterfactual thinking.	
B)    belief perseverance.
C)    spontaneous trait inference.
D)    negative reinforcement.
A

C

109
Q

109) During an experiment, the participants are shown a video of a pack of wolves attacking a man. After the video ends, the experimenter refers to the video and discusses the ferocious nature of certain breeds of dogs with the participants. Next, the participants are asked to describe the video shown to them in their own words. It is found that most of the participants use the word “dog” instead of “wolf” when describing the video. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:

A)    the self-fulfilling prophecy.	
B)    the misinformation effect.
C)    the selection bias.
D)    the group attribution error.
A

B

110
Q

110) Which of the following is NOT an example of automatic thinking?

A)    schemas	
B)    emotional reactions
C)    expertise
D)    reflection
A

D

111
Q

111) Which of the following is NOT an example of automatic thinking?

A)    schemas	
B)    emotional reactions
C)    expertise
D)    reflection
A

D

112
Q

112) A way to reduce the overconfidence bias is by _____.

A)    providing prompt feedback	
B)    thinking of reasons why judgments are correct
C)    destroying one's decisiveness
D)    discouraging realistic self-confidence
A

A

113
Q

113) You walk into a classroom. You notice two people standing by the lectern at the front of the classroom: a middle-aged man and a young woman. You assume that the man is an instructor and the woman is a student because most of your professors are old. This is an example of the:

A)    availability heuristic.	
B)    representativeness heuristic.
C)    overconfidence phenomenon.
D)    confirmation bias.
A

B

114
Q

114) Alisa wishes to take a nap after doing her household chores. As soon as she lies down to rest, her neighbor shows up at her door. She remarks that her neighbor visits her whenever she tries to take a nap. She ignores the fact that this is merely a coincidence. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:

A)    an illusory correlation.	
B)    counterfactual thinking.
C)    the availability heuristic.
D)    cognitive dissonance.
A

A

115
Q

115) Elijah plans a picnic by the seaside with his cousins. Just before they leave, it starts raining heavily. Elijah gets exasperated and remarks that it always rains whenever he plans an outing. He ignores the fact that it is the rainy season. In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates:

A)    the halo effect.	
B)    the confirmation bias.
C)    an illusory correlation.
D)    the gambler's fallacy.
A

C

116
Q

116) Jack and Jill are playing a game of “Monopoly.” Jack is losing, but if he rolls at least an 11, he will be able to pass “Go” and collect $200. When his turn comes, he throws the dice as hard as he can hoping to roll a high number. Jack most clearly holds:

A)    an illusory correlation.	
B)    the illusion of control.
C)    the representativeness heuristic.
D)    the availability heuristic.
A

B

117
Q

117) Which of the following exemplifies the statistical phenomenon of regression toward the average?

A)    Habid fails to qualify for a job and thinks of ways in which his life would have changed if he had qualified.	
B)    Anaya believes that her best friend calls her whenever she thinks about him.
C)    Wen is extremely disciplined in his first year of college but starts behaving like other students in the years that follow.
D)    Malak is overconfident and tends to overestimate the accuracy of her beliefs.
A

C

118
Q

118) When Bob turned in his assignment late, his boss believed it was because Bob is a lazy person. Bob’s boss made a:

A)    dispositional attribution.	
B)    situational attribution.
C)    fundamental attribution.
D)    spontaneous attribution.
A

A

119
Q

119) When people viewed the videotape of a suspect confessing during a police interview with the camera focused on the suspect, they perceived the confession as genuine. When the camera was focused on the detective, they perceived the confession as coerced. This is an example of the:

A)    fundamental attribution error.	
B)    camera perspective bias.
C)    suspect–detective bias.
D)    perceived outgroup homogeneity effect.
A

B

120
Q

120) June participates in a research study. When she arrives at the room, the experimenter treats her poorly. Her questions are ignored, and she receives a hostile response. Steve participates in the same study. However, the experimenter acts in a friendly manner toward him and goes out of his way to ensure Steve is always comfortable. Research on embodied cognition would predict that:

A)    June will make more negative trait attributions about the researcher than Steve will.	
B)    Steve will sign up for more future experiments than June will.
C)    June will judge the temperature in the room to be colder than Steve will.
D)    Steve will be less likely than June to commit the fundamental attribution error.
A

C

121
Q

121) Which of the following illustrates the concept of embodied cognition?

A)    Isaac prefers tea to coffee because the latter is expensive.	
B)    Justin feels more confident on a sunny day than on a cloudy day.
C)    Amanda perceives her boss's friendliness as a sexual overture.
D)    Sue tends to hold on to her beliefs even if she is wrong.
A

B

122
Q

122) Which of the following best explains why Olympic bronze medalists express more happiness than silver medalists?

A)    counterfactual thinking	
B)    the overconfidence phenomenon
C)    the representativeness heuristic
D)    the fundamental attribution error
A

A

123
Q

123) Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations for why we study attribution errors?

A)    to demonstrate that people should not always be blamed for their problems	
B)    to provide insight into how we think about ourselves and others
C)    to provide insight into why it is acceptable to focus social psychological research on Western cultures
D)    to demonstrate that we are mostly unaware of our biases
A

C