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VCE Unit 3 Health and Human Development AOS1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

How does smoking work in the body?

A

substance is burned, resulting in smoke which is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by smoking?

A

~ Cardiovascular disease
~ Cancer e.g lung, mouth, stomach
~ Asthma
~ Respiratory disease

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3
Q

Effect of smoking on Cardiovascular disease

A

~ Reduces amount of oxygen in the blood –> increasing blood pressure and heart rate
~ Chemicals in tobacco smoke speed up process of atherosclerosis –> increase risk of heart attack and stroke –> increase mortality rate

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4
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls, making it harder for blood to flow through

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5
Q

Effect of smoking on Cancer

A

~ Tobacco smoke can cause a fault in body cells as they divide –> lead to tumor developing –> increase risk of cancer

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6
Q

*** Effect of smoking on Asthma

A

~ Asthma: muscles in airways tighten and lining of airway becomes swollen and inflamed, producing sticky mucous
~ Changes cause airways to become narrow, thus more difficult to breath
~ Tobacco smoke increase risk of suffering asthma attack, and make symptoms harder to control.

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7
Q

Effect of smoking on Respiratory disease

A

~ Cause inflammation of airways and destroy air sacs in lungs, where gas exchange occurs –> increase risk of respiratory disease such as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
~ COPD: reduced airflow into lunges and limited ability to use oxygen due to damaged lung tissue

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8
Q

Impacts of smoking on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
~ Increase DALY for cancer and COPD

HEALTH STATUS:
~ Increase mortality and morbidity from CVD, cancer, COPD
~ Increased morbidity from asthma attacks
~ Decrease LE and HALE

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9
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by Alcohol

A

~ High BMI
~ Liver Disease
~ Injuries
~ Alcohol use disorders

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10
Q

Effect of alcohol on High BMI

A

~ Alcohol contains kilojoules and therefore energy
~ Excess consumption of alcohol and energy not used up –> Converted into adipose tissue body fat –> Increase obesity and higher BMI

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11
Q

Effect of alcohol on Liver Disease

A

~ Alcohol filtered through the liver
~ Excess consumption can cause scarring of liver tissue –> liver not function properly –> toxins remain the body –> chronic liver disease

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12
Q

Effect of alcohol on Injuries

A

~ Change behaviour when consumed
~ increase risk on mental health issue such as depression –> can lead to self-inflicting injuries such as suicide and self-harm
~ More likely to act impulsively and risk-taking behaviours such as drink driving and displaying aggression
~ Increase mortality and morbidity from injuries and violence

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13
Q

Impacts of Alcohol on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
~ Increase YLL from cancer
~ Increase YLL and YLD from CVD
~ Increase DALY from liver disease

Health Status:
~ Increase incidence and mortality from CVD
~ Higher rates of morbidity due to mental health issues

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14
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by High BMI

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • type 2 diabetes
  • osteoporosis
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15
Q

Effect of High BMI on CVD

A
  • Increase strain on heart –> increases the risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke, as heart is required to work harder
  • High BMI can also increase cholesterol levels –> increase risk of CVD
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16
Q

Effect of High BMI on Type 2 diabetes

A
  • Increase excess fat –> Pancreas not produce adequate insulin, or body cannot use insulin effectively (= insulin resistance)
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17
Q

Effect of High BMI on Osteoporosis

A

~ High BMI put more pressure on joints –> increase risk of osteoarthritis
~ Osteoarthritis = characterised by cartilage being worn down.
~ Increase bodyweight –> cartilage wears down –> bone rubs on bone - cause pain and limited mobility

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18
Q

Impacts of High BMI on Burden of Disease and Health Status

A

BOD:
- YLD for mental health issues, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes and asthma

Heatlth status:

  • Increased morbidity and mortality rates due to a range of causes such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and cardiovascular disease
  • Lower life expectancy and HALE
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19
Q

What conditions/diseases are caused by Underconsumption

of vegetables/fruit

A
  • High BMI

- CVD

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20
Q

Effect of Underconsumption of vegetables/fruit on High BMI

A
  • consume fibre –> feel full for longer –> less likely to consume energy dense foods –> help weight management –> reduce risk of high body mass index
  • Rich source of fibre –> reduce risk of weight gain and some cancers such as colorectal cancer (***extra info, do not write in sac as do not want to double cross with fibre fibre)
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21
Q

What are Nutrient dense and nutrient dense foods?

A

Nutrient dense:

  • High in minerals and vitamins (such as magnesium, vitamin C), low in kilojoules
  • High in fibre and antioxidants.

Energy dense:
- Contain high amounts of fat, carbohydrates and/or protein –> thus higher amounts of energy to diet

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22
Q

Effect of Underconsumption of vegetables/fruit on CVD

A
  • Veggies/fruit source of antioxidants –> help reduce impact of free radicals in body
  • Free radicals molecules that can damage body cells –> increase rates of morbidity and mortality due to conditions such as CVD and cancer
  • Antioxidants target free radicals and eliminate from body –> reduce BOD from conditions
  • Underconsumption –> antioxidant low, increase risk of conditions.
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23
Q

What are free radicals?

A
  • Molecules formed when oxygen is metabolised.

- Can damage healthy body cells –> increase risk of diseases e.g CVD and cancer

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24
Q

What are antioxidants

Study These Flashcards
A

Compounds in foods that neutralise free radicals

25
Impacts of Underconsumption of vegetables/fruit on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD: - YLL and YLD associated with high body mass index, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers Health Status: - Increased levels of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease and some cancers - Lower life expectancy and hale
26
What conditions/diseases are caused by Underconsumption | of Dairy
- Osteoporosis | - Dental caries
27
Effect of Underconsumption of dairy on Osteoporosis
~ Dairy rich source of calcium, mineral responsible for strengthening bones --> preventing osteoporosis ~ Underconsumption: bones weaken --> increase osteoporosis
28
Effect of Underconsumption of dairy on dental caries
lack of calcium --> teeth weaken --> increase risk of dental caries
29
Impacts of Underconsumption of dairy on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD: ~ Increase YLD from osteoporosis/dental caries Health Status: ~ Morbidity due to osteoporosis ~ Incidence of dental caries
30
What conditions/diseases are caused by High Intake of Fat
- CVD - High BMI - Typer 2 Diabetes
31
What is LDL?
LDL = low density lipo-protein = bad cholesterol ~ Build up on artery walls causing blockages ~ E.g Fried food, fast food products ~ Can lead to heart attacks which can increase YLL, lower life expectancy
32
What is HDL
HDL = high density lipo-protein = good cholesterol ~ Prevent build on artery walls ~ E.g Fish (salmon), nuts
33
Effect of High Intake of Fat on CVD (HDL and LDL)
Too much LDL in blood --> deposited on walls of blood vessels --> blood less room to travel to cells Cause cholesterol to deposit other substances to remain --> arteries become narrow and harden (Atherosclerosis, main factor in most CVD) ~ HDL slow process of atherosclerosis --> reduce risk of heart disease and stroke
34
What are considered 'good' fats? on CVD
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated: ~ Reduce levels of LDL cholesterol in body --> reduce risk of CVD ~ Polyunsaturated fates increase HDl --> reduce blood clots and inflammation --> reduce risk of heart attack and stroke
35
What are considered 'bad' fats?
~ Saturated and trans fat ~ Increase LDL cholesterol levels in blood --> increase risk of CVD ~ Trans fats decrease levels of HDL cholesterol --> increase heart attack and stroke
36
Effect of High Intake of Fat on High BMI
- Fat used as fuel for energy production where burn down into glucose to form energy. - If fat stores and energy not used up --> convert back to fat --> obesity and High BMI
37
Effect of High Intake of Fat on Typer 2 Diabetes
Change structure of cell membrances --> interfere transport of glucose into cell --> impair glucose regulation --> prevent pancreas to produce insulin --> increase risk of type 2 diabetes
38
Impacts of High Intake of Fat on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD: - Increase DALY from CVD and type 2 diabetes Health Status: - Increase mortality and morbidity from CVD and type 2 diabetes - Lower LE and HALE
39
What conditions/diseases are caused by High Intake of salt
- Hypertension | - CVD
40
Effect of High Intake of Salt on Hypertension
High levels of sodium --> draw excess fluid out of cells --> increase blood volume --> increase hypertension
41
Effect of High Intake of Salt on CVD
Increase blood volume and hypertension --> forcce heart to work harder --> increase heart failure if heart cannot keep up with demand from body
42
Impacts of High Intake of Salt on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD: - DALY due to hypertension, heart failure, stroke Health Status: - Morbidity and mortality from hypertension, heart failure, stroke - Lower LE and HALE
43
What conditions/diseases are caused by High Intake of sugar
- High BMI | - Dental Caries
44
Effect of High Intake of Sugar on High BMI
Suagr required as fuel for energy production --> excess consumption --> stored as adipose (fat) tissue --> increase weight
45
Effect of High Intake of Sugar on Dental caries
Food source for bacteria in the mouth --> bacteria produce acids --> increase dental decay and dental caries
46
Impacts of High Intake of Sugar on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD: - DALY from High BMI - YLD from dental caries Health Status: - High mortality rate from High BMI - Incidence and prevalence of dental caries
47
What is fibre?
- Carbohydrate - Not absorbed by body, travels through digestive system --> promote fullness --> keep digestive tract clean by adding bulk to faeces - Two Types of fibre
48
What are the 2 types of fibre?
Soluble: Absorbs water (e.g Oats, fruits, soy products) Insoluble: Not absorb water (e.g skin of fruits/veggies, nuts, wholegrain foods)
49
What conditions/diseases are caused by Low Intake of Fibre
- Colorectal Cancer - CVD - High BMI
50
Effect of Low Intake of Fibre on colorectal cancer
Fibre add bulk to faeces and help clean digestive system --> reduce risk of abnormal cells forming in colon and rectum - Low intake --> increase colorectal cancer
51
Effect of Low Intake of Fibre on CVD
Soluble fibre attach to particles of LDL cholesterol and help excrete them --> decreal levels of cholesterol --> reduce CVD Low intake --> increase CVD
52
Effect of Low Intake of Fibre on High BMI
- Soluble fibre form mushy substance --> slow digestion and delay absorption of glucose in blood stream --> promote fullness - Low intake --> overeating, more glucose absorbed in body --> increase High BMI
53
Impacts of Low Intake of Fibre on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD: - DALY from colorectal cancer and CVD Health Status: - Increase morbidity and mortality rate from colorectal and CVD
54
What conditions/diseases are caused by Low Intake of Iron
Anaemia
55
Effect of Low Intake of Iron and anaemia
- Iron vital for blood | - Low iron --> iron deficiency anaemia, characterised by weakness and tiredness
56
What is Anaemia
Condition | - Reduced ability of body to deliver enough oxygen to cells due to lack of healthy red blood cells
57
What food source contains iron
- Red meat (high saturated fat) - Nuts - Eggs
58
Impacts of Low Intake of Iron on Burden of Disease and Health Status
BOD: - YLD from anaemia Health Status - Incidence and prevalence of anaemia

VCE Unit 3 Health and Human Development AOS1 (5 decks)

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