Chapter 3

Question 1

How often do cells of the digestive tract replace themselves?

Answer 1

Every 3 days

Question 2

Enzymes

Answer 2

Working proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions, such as releasing energy from nutrient molecules, without themselves being altered in the process

Question 3

Structural proteins

Answer 3

Non-enzyme proteins of cells, such as the proteins of the cell membrane and of its interior structures

Question 4

Inborn error of metabolism

Answer 4

A genetic variation present from birth that may result in disease

Question 5

Explain phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 5

It’s an inborn error of metabolism that interferes with the bodies handling phenylalanine and, left untreated, resulting serious harm to the brain and nervous system

Question 6

What are the bodies circulating fluids?

Answer 6

Blood and lymph

Question 7

Blood travels within what?

Answer 7

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

Question 8

Plasma

Answer 8

The cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph

Question 9

Extracellular fluid

Answer 9

Fluid residing outside the cells that transports materials to and from the cells

Question 10

Intracellular fluid

Answer 10

Fluid residing inside the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions

Question 11

The intracellular fluid is drawn for the (blank) fluid

Answer 11

Extracellular

Question 12

Blood leaving the digestive system goes wheeled next l?

Answer 12

Liver

Question 13

What does the liver do with blood?

Answer 13

It filters the blood, removes and processes nutrients, manufactures materials for export to other parts of the body, and destroys toxins or stores them to keep them out of the circulatory system

Question 14

What do kidneys do with blood?

Answer 14

They filter waste from the blood, make urine, and release it to the bladder for excretion from the body

Question 15

What vessels in the intestine pick up most of the fats present in a meal?

Answer 15

Lymphatic

Question 16

What’s the lifespan for red blood cells?

Answer 16

4 months

Question 17

Hormones

Answer 17

Chemicals that are secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions in the body that require regulation. These chemicals serve as messengers, acting on other organs to maintain constant conditions

Question 18

What do hormones do?

Answer 18

1) Carry messages to regulate the digestive system in response to meals or fasting
2) Inform the brain about the degree of body fitness
3) Help to regulate hunger and appetite
4) Influence appetite changes during a woman’s menstrual cycle and in pregnancy
5) Regulate the body’s reaction to stress, suppressing hunger and digestion

Question 19

The sensations of hunger and appetite are perceived by the brains (blank)

Answer 19

Cortex

Question 20

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 20

It senses a variety of conditions in the body, such as temperature, glucose content, salt content. It signals other parts of the brain or body to adjust those conditions when necessary

Question 21

What happens during a fight or flight reaction?

Answer 21

Nerves release neurotransmitters and glands supply epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 22

What are the 5 basic chemical tastes?

Answer 22

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

Question 23

Is the preference for sweet, salty, and fatty tastes inborn? 

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

What’s the total length of the digestive tract?

Answer 24

26 feet

Question 25

What’s the the ancillary digestive organs?

Answer 25

Pancreas and gallbladder

Question 26

Peristalsis

Answer 26

The wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes their contents along

Question 27

The large intestine is also called the …

Answer 27

Colon

Question 28

The stomachs main function is protein or fat digestion?

Answer 28

Protein

Question 29

Bile

Answer 29

A fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed. It emulsifies fats and oils to ready them for enzymatic digestion

Question 30

What does bicarbonate do?

Answer 30

It’s secreted by the pancreas which neutralizes the stomach acid that has reached the small intestine

Question 31

What does bacteria do? 

Answer 31

1) ferment many indigestible fibers, producing short fatty acids that many cells of the colon rely on for energy 2) Breakdown any undigested proteins or unabsorbed amino acids that reach the colon, producing ammonia and other compounds 3) Break down and help to recycle components of bile 4) Chemically altered certain drugs and phytochemicals, changing their effects on the body

Question 32

Villi

Answer 32

Fingerlike projections of the sheets of cells lining the intestinal tract. The villi make the surface area much greater than it would be

Question 33

Microvilli

Answer 33

Tiny, hair-like projections on each cell of every villus that greatly expand the surface area available to trap nutrient particles and absorb them into the cells

Question 34

Antacids

Answer 34

Medications that react directly and immediately with the acid of the stomach, neutralizing it. Ant acids are most suitable for treating occasional heartburn

Question 35

Acid reducers

Answer 35

Prescription and over the counter drugs that reduce the acid output of the stomach; effective for treating severe, persistent forms of heartburn

Question 36

Why is it not good to take acid-reducing drugs many times?

Answer 36

They reduce acid, which allows more bacteria to pass through, which can lead to bacterial infections. It could even mask the symptoms of an ulcer, hernia, or GERD.

Question 37

What’s the problem with frequent use of laxatives?

Answer 37

It leads to dependency, which can upset our fluid, salt, and minimal balances and in the case of mineral oil laxatives, it can interfere with the absorption of fat soluble vitamins

Question 38

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Answer 38

Intermittent disturbance of bowel function, especially diarrhea or alternating diarrhea and constipation, often with abdominal cramping or bloating

Question 39

Nephrons

Answer 39

The working units of the kidneys, consisting of intermeshed blood vessels and tubules

Question 40

What organ collects excess energy yielding nutrients and converts them into two storage forms?

Answer 40

The liver

Question 41

Alcohol

Answer 41

Chemical compounds that consist of a carbon atom or chain of carbons to which a hydroxyl group is attached

Question 42

What’s the alcohol of alcoholic beverages?

Answer 42

Ethanol

Question 43

What’s the smallest alcohol?

Answer 43

Methanol

Question 44

How does alcohol affect living things?

Answer 44

They dissolve lipids. They can injure or kill cells. They can easily penetrate a cells outer lipid membrane and once inside it can disrupt the cell structure and kill the cell

Question 45

What organ metabolizes the most alcohol?

Answer 45

Liver