Chapter 3

Question 1

Flexion

Answer 1

Movement resulting in a decrease of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane.

Question 2

Extension

Answer 2

Movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane.

Question 3

Abduction

Answer 3

Movement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

Question 4

Adduction

Answer 4

Movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane.

Question 5

Horizontal Abduction

Answer 5

Movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90

Question 6

Horizontal Adduction

Answer 6

Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90

Question 7

Internal (medial) rotation

Answer 7

Rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body.

Question 8

External (lateral) rotation

Answer 8

Rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body.

Question 9

Lateral Flexion (right or left)

Answer 9

Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement.

Question 10

Rotation (right or left)

Answer 10

Right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement.

Question 11

Elevation

Answer 11

Movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane.

Question 12

Depression

Answer 12

Movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane.

Question 13

Retraction

Answer 13

Movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane.

Question 14

Protraction

Answer 14

Movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane.

Question 15

Upward Rotation

Answer 15

Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane.

Question 16

Downward Rotation

Answer 16

Inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane.

Question 17

Circumduction

Answer 17

A compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape.

Question 18

Radial Deviation

Answer 18

Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane.

Question 19

Ulnar Deviation

Answer 19

Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane.

Question 20

Opposition

Answer 20

Diagonal movement of the thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fifth digit.

Question 21

Eversion

Answer 21

Abducting the ankle

Question 22

Inversion

Answer 22

Adducting the angle

Question 23

Dorsiflextion

Answer 23

Flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane.

Question 24

Plantarflexion

Answer 24

Extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane.

Question 25

Pronation (foot/ankle)

Answer 25

Combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot.

Question 26

Supination (foot/ankle)

Answer 26

Combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot.

Question 27

Synovial Joints have 5 distinct features

Answer 27

1. Enclosed by fibrous joint capsule. 2. The joint capsule encloses the joint cavity. 3. The joint cavity is lined with synovial membrane. 4. Synovial fluid occupies the joint cavity. 5. The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, which helps absorb shock and reduces friction.

Question 28

Joints are classified as:

Answer 28

1. Synarthrodial (sutures of the skull)- do not move appreciably. 2. Amphiarthrodial move slightly and are held together by ligaments (syndesmosis- inferior tibiofibular joint) or fibrocartilage (synchondrosis- pubic symphysis) 3. Diarthrodial (Synovial)- only joints that contain articular cavity, synovial membrane and synovial fluid. S-ynarthrodial A-mphiarthrodial D-iarthrodial

Question 29

Suture joint- type and example

Answer 29

Fibrous- tight union unique to the skull

Question 30

Syndesmosis joint- type and example

Answer 30

Fibrous- Interosseous membrane between bones (the union along the shafts of the radius and ulna, tibia and fibula, and the distal tibiofibular joint)

Question 31

Gomphosis joint- type and example

Answer 31

Fibrous- Unique joint at the tooth socket

Question 32

Primary Joint (synchondroses; hyaline cartilaginous)- type and example

Answer 32

Cartilaginous- Usually temporary to permit bone growth and typically fuse (epiphyseal plates); some do not (at the sternum and rib)

Question 33

Secondary joint (symphyses; fibrocartilaginous)- type and example

Answer 33

Cartilaginous- Strong, slightly movable joints (intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis)

Question 34

Plane (arthrodial) Joint- type and example

Answer 34

Synovial- Gliding and sliding movements (acromioclavicular joint)

Question 35

Hinge (ginglymus) Joint- type and example

Answer 35

Synovial- Uniaxial movements (elbow extension and flexion)

Question 36

Ellipsoidal (condyloid) Joint- type and example

Answer 36

Synovial- Biaxial joint (radiocarpal extension, flexion at the wrist)

Question 37

Saddle (sellar) Joint- type and example

Answer 37

Synovial- Unique joint that permits movements in all planes, including opposition (the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)

Question 38

Ball and socket (enarthrodial) Joint- type and example

Answer 38

Synovial- Multiaxial joints that permit movements in all directions (hip and shoulder joints)

Question 39

Pivot (trochoidal) Joint- type and example

Answer 39

Synovial- Uniaxial joints that permit rotation (proximal radioulnar and atlantoaxial joints)

Question 40

Bicondylar Joint- type and example

Answer 40

Synovial- Allow movement primarily around one axis with some limited rotation in a second axis (knee flexion and extension with limited internal and external rotation)

Question 41

Scapulothoracic Joint- type, movement and plane

Answer 41

Not a true functional joint- Elevation- depression / Frontal Upward/Downward rotation / Frontal Protraction-Retraction / Frontal Medial-lateral rotation / Transitional Anterior-posterior tilting / Sagittal

Question 42

Glenohumeral Joint- - type, movement and plane

Answer 42

Synovial- ball and socket Flexion-extension / Safittal Abduction- Adduction/ Frontal Internal-External Rotation / Transverse Horiz abduction- adduction / Transverse Circumduction / Multiple

Question 43

Elbow Joint- - type, movement and plane

Answer 43

Synovial: hinge Flexion-extention / Sagittal

Question 44

Proximal Radioulnar Joint- type, movement and plane

Answer 44

Synovial: pivot Pronation- supination / Transverse

Question 45

Wrist Joint - type, movement and plane

Answer 45

Synovial: ellipsoidal Flexion- extension/ Sagittal Abduction- Adduction/ Frontal

Question 46

Metacarpophalangeal Joint - type, movement and plane

Answer 46

Synovial: Ellipsoidal Flexion- extension / Sagittal Abduction- Adduction / Frontal

Question 47

Proximal and Distal Interphalangeal Joint - type, movement and plane

Answer 47

Synovial: hinge Flexion-extension / Sagittal

Question 48

lntervertebral Joint - type, movement and plane

Answer 48

Cartilaginous Flexion-extension / Sagittal Lateral flexion / Frontal Rotation / Transverse

Question 49

Hip Joint - type, movement and plane

Answer 49

Synovial: ball and socket Flexion- extension / Safittal Abduction-Adduction / Frontal Internal-external Rotation / Transverse Circumduction / Multiple

Question 50

Knee Joint- - type, movement and plane

Answer 50

Synovial: bicondylar flexion-extension / Sagittal Internal-external rotation / Transverse

Question 51

Ankle: talocrural Joint - type, movement and plane

Answer 51

Synovial: hinge Dorsiflexion- plantarflexion / Sagittal

Question 52

Ankle: subtalar Joint - type, movement and plane

Answer 52

Synovial: gliding Inversion-eversion / Frontal

Question 53

Classifications of Skeletal Muscles

Answer 53

1. Strap (sartorius muscle)- longitudinal, strap like, parallel fibers 2. Fusiform (biceps brachii muscle)- parallel arrangement, spindle shaped 3. Unipennate (flexor pollicis, longus muscle)- fibers only on one side of the tendon 4. Bipennate (rectus femoris muscle) - fibers on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon) 5. Multipennate (subscapularis muscle) - two or more fasciculi attaching obliquely and combined into one muscle

Question 54

Study table 3.5 and 3.6

Question 55

The rotator cuff muscles include

Answer 55

the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis, often remembered by the acronym SITS.