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Sociology 121: Exam 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Agrarian Societies

A

Were the most advanced of the agricultural era, characterized by groups living in permanent settlements while growing crops and raising domesticated animals.

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2
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

Was a social revolution marked by formerly nomadic groups starting to grow plants and/or raise animals for food, rather than relying only on what they found in the wild.

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3
Q

Beliefs

A

Are nonmaterial cultural elements that refer to shared understandings about what is real or true.

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4
Q

Counterculture

A

Is a type of subculture that opposes or rejects aspects of the dominant culture.

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5
Q

Cross-cultural research

A

Refers to research that includes multiple cultures in the same study.

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6
Q

Cultural Capital

A

Refers to socially valued knowledge, skills and education that one possesses

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7
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A

Occurs when particular elements of one culture are adopted by another

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8
Q

Cultural lag

A

Refers to situations in which material culture changes more quickly than nonmaterial culture

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9
Q

Cultural lead

A

Refers to situations in which nonmaterial culture changes more quickly than material culture

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10
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Means attempting to understand another culture from the perspective and experiences of its members

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11
Q

Cultural transmission

A

Refers to the process by which people learn their culture.

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12
Q

Cultural Universals

A

Refer to elements of culture that almost all societies have in common.

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13
Q

Culture

A

Is the complex system of meaning that a group uses to understand and share experiences.

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14
Q

Culture shock

A

Refers to times of rapid cultural
change

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15
Q

Digital Revolution

A

Was a social revolution marked by a shift from analog, mechanical and electronic technologies to digital technology

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16
Q

Dominant Culture

A

Is the culture of the dominant, or powerful, groups in society

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17
Q

Economic capital

A

Refers to money and liquid assets.

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18
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Is the tendency for people to use the standards of their own culture as a basis for evaluating other cultures.

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19
Q

Folk Culture

A

Refers to the common activities and interests of small, homogeneous, rural groups.

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20
Q

Folkways

A

Are norms that are less strongly enforced.

21
Q

High Culture

A

Represents the very best of a society, or its most-revered thoughts, knowledge and accomplishments

22
Q

Horticultural societies

A

Horticultural societies were part of the agricultural era and focused on growing crops while continuing to hunt wild animals

23
Q

Hunting and gathering societies

A

Were the earliest human societies, characterized by nomadic bands that sustained themselves by using simple tools made from natural materials to hunt, fish and gather vegetation for food in a defined territory.

24
Q

Ideal culture

A

Refers to idealized cultural elements, or what people in a society theoretically value, believe and practice (under ideal circumstances).

25
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

Was a social revolution that was marked by a move away from an economy based on agriculture to one based on the mass production and distribution of goods.

26
Q

Industrial societies

A

Are marked by massive urban centers built around factories and supported by the people who moved there in masses

27
Q

Language

A

Is part of nonmaterial culture and refers to a system of symbols that members of a culture use to express meaning.

28
Q

Mass media

A

Include any platform or message that is intended to communicate with a mass general audience.

29
Q

Material culture

A

Refers to the cultural elements produced by a society that convey cultural meaning.

30
Q

Mean world syndrome

A

Refers to the effect of watching violent media content that leads to increased fears of crime victimization

31
Q

Mores

A

Are norms that are more strongly enforced.

32
Q

Nonmaterial culture

A

Refers to the fundamental ways of thinking, knowing and doing that are characteristic of a culture

33
Q

Norms

A

Nonmaterial cultural elements that designate expectations, or rules, for behavior

34
Q

Pastoral Societies

A

Were part of the agricultural era and focused on raising animals while continuing to forage for vegetation

35
Q

Popular culture

A

Refers to the common activities and interests of the general public that largely center on entertainment and recreation

36
Q

Postindustrial societies

A

Are characterized by an economy based on the production of information and services, rather than manufacturing goods.

37
Q

Practices

A

Are nonmaterial cultural elements that refer to a group’s traditional, customary or otherwise, commonplace behaviors, as well as rituals that express or celebrate cultures.

38
Q

Propaganda

A

Refers to the use of mass media (often by a government) to disseminate messages meant to sway public opinion in a particular manner

39
Q

Real culture

A

Refers to the values, beliefs and practices that people in a society actually follow in their daily lives.

40
Q

Sanctions

A

Are reactions in response to following a norm (met with a positive sanction) or violating a norm (met with a negative sanction).

41
Q

Social captial

A

Refers to the connections among people that cause social cohesion.

42
Q

Social revolution

A

Refers to a period of social change that fundamentally alters the way of life in a society

43
Q

Society

A

Is a diverse collection of people who live in a defined geographic area and share a common way of life.

44
Q

Subculture

A

Is a non-dominant culture that exists in a society; it has all of the characteristics of distinct cultures but embraces cultural elements that differ in some way from dominant culture.

45
Q

Taboos

A

Are the most strongly enforced formal norms; they represent what people in society consider to be the most unconscionable behaviors.

46
Q

Technological Revolution

A

Was a social revolution marked by a rapid spread of industrialization across Western Europe, the United States and Japan, including widespread adoption of pre existing technological systems.

47
Q

Third-person effect

A

Refers to the common belief that you personally are not affected by mass media messages to the extent that others are.

48
Q

Value contradictions

A

Refer to cultural elements that are inconsistent, contradictory or mutually exclusive.

49
Q

Values

A

Are nonmaterial cultural elements that represent the ideal principles of a society.

Sociology 121: Exam 1 (3 decks)

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