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AP Human Geography > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cultural geography

A

Is the study of the many cultural aspects found throughout the world and how they relate to the spaces and places where they originate and then travel as people continually move across various areas.

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2
Q

Folk Culture

A

A culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

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3
Q

Popular Culture

A

Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite

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4
Q

Cultural systems

A

A cultural system is a collection of interacting components that shape a group’s collective identity, and includes traits, territorial affiliation, and shared history.

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5
Q

Cultural landscape

A

The visible human imprint on the landscape caused by human activity.

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6
Q

Placelessness

A

The loss of uniqueness in a cultural landscape

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7
Q

Attributes of cultural landscapes

A

These can have uniform traditions or customs.

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8
Q

Material Culture

A

The things a group of people construct.

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9
Q

Place

A

The uniqueness of a location, what people do in a location, what they create, and how they create an imprint on that location.

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10
Q

Non material Culture

A

The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.

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11
Q

Language

A

A set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used to communicate with others.

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12
Q

Language Divergence

A

When a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.

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13
Q

Language Convergence

A

When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one.

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14
Q

Dialect

A

Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines.

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15
Q

Isoglass

A

A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.

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16
Q

Lingua Franca

A

A common bridge language that is spoken by two parties who have different native tongues.

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17
Q

Pidgin

A

A language that borrows from many languages – it is a hybrid that works for all people in an area

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18
Q

Creole

A

a pidgin that becomes the primary language

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19
Q

Toponymy

A

the study of place names

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20
Q

Spatial diffusion

A

The way that things spread through space and time

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21
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

spreading outward from hearth

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22
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

Spreads from a center outwards - like a disease being spread from person to person away from its origin or ripples from a stone thrown into a pond

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23
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

Diffusion that follows a chain or hierarchy of places

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24
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

Spread of an underlying principle or idea, even though some characteristics have failed. A trend is adopted, but certain practices are changed to fit the culture which adopts it.

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25
Relocation Diffusion
Spread of something carried by the physical movement of people from one place to another
26
Hearth
the source of an idea, crop, artifact, etc is diffused from to other areas
27
Hinterland
the area around a city or town, usually where only a few people live
28
Expansion of states
This event led to the diffusion of culture, religion, and just overall aspects of a society.
29
Universalizing religions
religions that actively try to seek out new members to convert
30
Ethnic religions
don’t actively seek out converts and generally stay to themselves
31
Syncretism
When two cultures merge creating a new one
32
Ethnic enclaves
These can form when you have relocation diffusion in a region or even chain migration.
33
Epidemiological effects
Many don’t think of this, but contagious diffusion could be the spread of a virus or disease. Thus, these forms of diffusion can cause people to get sick and die, or cause economic decline.
34
Asylum Seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee. Pg 95
35
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people. Pg 104
36
Circular Migration
The temporary movement of migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment. Pg 108
37
Circulation
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis. Pg 80
38
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in developing countries. Pg 93
39
Emigration
Migration from a location. Pg 84
40
Family based Migration
Migration of people to specific location because relatives previously migrated there Pg 104
41
Floodplain
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends. Pg 96
42
Forced Migration
Permanent movement, compelled by cultural or environmental factors Pg 82
43
Guest Worker
A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa in search of a higher-paying job Pg 108
44
Immigration
Migration to a new location Pg 84
45
Internal Migration
Permanent movement within a particular country
46
Internally displaced Person (IDP)
Someone who has been force to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across the border Pg 95
47
International Migration
Permanent movement from one country to another Pg 82
48
Interregional Migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another Pg 83
49
Intervening Obstacle
An environment or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration Pg 94
50
Intraregional Migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country Pg 83
51
Migration
A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location Pg 80
52
Migration transition
A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce demographic transition. Pg 81
53
Mobility
All types of movement between locations Pg 80
54
Net Migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration Pg 84
55
Pull factor
A factor that induces people to move to a new location Pg 94
56
Push factor
A factor that induces people to leave old locations Pg 94
57
Quota
In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year Pg 104
58
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion Pg 95
59
Remittance
Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated Pg 99
60
Step Migration
Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination Pg 94
61
Unauthorized Immigrant
A person who enters a country without proper documents to do so Pg 103
62
Voluntary Migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice Pg 82
63
Ethnicity
Membership in a group of people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences
64
Nationality
Identity with group sharing legal attachment to a particular country (ex. American)
65
Culture Hearth
The source or origin where a religion or ethnicity began
66
Fundamentalism
An attempt to follow a literal interpretation of religious faith
67
Theocraies
Countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws
68
Sharia
The Islamic legal framework for a country
69
Neolacalism
The process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place
70
Monotheistic
Only having one god
71
Caste System
A rigid class structure that shaped Indian society
72
Karma
The idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or future life.
73
Universal Religion
Actively seeks to convert to its faith regardless of ethnic backgrounds
74
Pilgrimage
A religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of their religion
75
Diaspora
The name given to a community of people who are dispersed throughout the world, but retain their cultural, religious, or ethnic differences.
76
Charter Group
The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space
77
Ethnic Island
An area predominantly populated by a single ethnicity
78
Sequent Occupance
A process geographers use that creates new cultural imprints on the landscape
79
Polytheistic
The belief in multiple gods
80
Animism
The belief that non living objects have a spirit
81
Culture
A groups learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects are a pert of culture
82
Cultural Trait
Elements (visible and invisible) that are the building blocks of the culture
83
Cultural Complex
Interrelated cultural traits
84
Cultural Hearth
The area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops
85
Cultural Region
Broad areas where groups share similar but not identical traits
86
Formal Region
Regions defined by governments or experts
87
Functional Region
Regions centered around a node
88
Perceptual Region
How people think about a place, boundaries, are blurred
89
Cultural Landscape
The visible reflection of culture on land
90
Ethnic Enclave
Clusters of people of the same culture
91
Cultural Realm
Larger areas that include several regions
92
Globalization
The process of intensified interaction among people around the globe (mainly because of internet).
93
Space-time Compression
Results of revolutions that help shorten the time required for movement and trade
94
Popular Culture
When cultural traits are quickly spread across a large area spread across multiple groups
95
Diffusion
The spreading of information, ideas, behaviors and other aspects of culture
96
Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion
The process of a trait diffusing from lower class to higher class
97
Acculturation
An immigrant group moving to another area and opting new traits
98
Assimilation
When an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from new group
99
Multiculturism
The coexistence of several cultures in one society
100
Nativist
Anti-immigrant Attitudes
101
Sense of Place
Belonging
102
Taboos
Behavior heavily discourage by culture
103
Linguist
A scientist that sudies languages
104
Romance Language
The unifying language of Latin that diverged into distinct regional languages
105
Indo-European Language Family
A large language group that might all have descended from a language 6,000 years ago
106
Language Tree
A graph that shows the relationship among language families
107
Adage
Sayings that attempt to express a truth about life (ex: The early bird gets the worm)
108
Swahili
A language spoke in East Africa from trade between Arab speaking merchants and Bantu speaking residents
109
Homogeneous
Made up largely of ethnicities similar people
110
Official Language
One language designated by law to be the language of goverment
111
Official Language
One language designated by law to be the language of government
112
Centripetal Forces
Forces that pull people together
113
Centrifugal forces
Forces that cause people to FIGHT
114
Dead Language
No more native speakers; it can still be in use however
115
Extinct Language
Basically completely gone; result of language death and can not be spoke but read
116
Gradual Language Death
Speakers of one language come in contact with a language of higher prestige (the most common language death)
117
Bottom to Top Language Death
Not natively spoken but in certain contexts like religion
118
Sudden Language Death
Speakers dies as a result of disaster or violence
119
Radical Language Death
Language death occurs rapidly usually to avoid prosecution

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

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