Chapter 3 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Trans Fat are made through a process called?
A
Hydrogenation
2
Q
Trans Fats are used to?
A
Increase food shelf life and flavor/texture
3
Q
Organic molecules contain?
A
Both carbon and hydrogen atoms
4
Q
What are the four biomolecules?
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
5
Q
The carbon atom has how many electrons?
A
6
6
Q
Characteristics of organic molecules?
A
Have covalent bonds, have many atoms, associated with living things
7
Q
Characteristics of an inorganic molecules?
A
Have ionic bonds, small number of atoms, associated with nonliving matter
8
Q
The carbon chain of organic molecule is called?
A
The skeleton or back bone
9
Q
Functional groups determine?
A
The chemical reactivity and polarity of organic molecules
10
Q
Isomers are?
A
Organic molecules that have identical, molecule or formula but different arrangement of atoms
11
Q
Biomolecules consist of repeating units, each repeating unit is called?
A
A monomer
12
Q
What is a polymer?
A
A molecule composed of monomers
13
Q
What is a carbohydrate polymer?
A
Polysaccharide
14
Q
What is a carbohydrate monomer?
A
Monosaccharide
15
Q
What is lipid monomer?
A
Glycerol and fatty acids
16
Q
What are proteins polymer?
A
Polypeptide
17
Q
What are proteins monomer?
A
Amino acids
18
Q
What are nucleic acid polymer?
A
DNA and RNA
19
Q
What are nucleic acids monomer?
A
Nucleotide
20
Q
A hydrolysis reaction is?
A
A chemical reaction where a water molecule is added to break a covalent bond
21
Q
Hydrolysis reactions are used to?
A
Break down polymers into monomers
22
Q
An enzyme is a?
A
Molecule that speeds up chemical reactions
23
Q
T/F enzymes are not consumed or changed by the reaction. They are catalyst.
A
True
24
Q
Carbohydrates function?
A
Energy source and provide building material
25
What is a monosaccharide?
A single sugar molecule also called a simple sugar
26
Monosaccharides have how many carbon atoms?
3 to 7
27
What is a disaccharide?
Contains two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis
28
What is a polysaccharide?
A polymer of monosaccharides
29
What are examples of disaccharide?
Lactose
30
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
31
Lipids function?
Long-term energy storage, heat retention, protection
32
Human uses of fats?
Butter
33
Human uses of oils?
Cooking oil
34
Human uses of phospholipids?
Food additive
35
Human uses of steroids?
Medicines
36
Human uses of waxes?
Candles
37
Unsaturated fats have?
One or more double bonds between carbons
38
Saturated fats have?
No double bonds between carbons
39
Saturated fats tend to be liquid or solid at room temperature?
Solid
40
Unsaturated fats tend to be liquid or solid at room temperature?
Liquid
41
Phospholipids function?
Forms plasma membranes of cells
42
Steroids are composed of?
4 fused carbon rings
43
Steroids functions?
Component of animal cell membrane, and regulation
44
What are examples of steroids?
Testosterone and cholesterol
45
Waxes function?
Protection
46
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by?
Peptide bonds
47
Peptides are?
Two or more amino acids joined together
48
Polypeptides are?
Long chains of amino acids joined together
49
A protein is a?
Polypeptide that has folded into a particular shape, essential for its proper functioning
50
Functions of proteins?
Metabolism, support, transport, defense, regulation, motion
51
How many different common amino acids are there?
20
52
What is it called when a protein loses its proper shape?
Denatured
53
What are the four levels of structure that proteins can have?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
54
The primary level of protein is the?
Linear sequence of amino acids.
55
The secondary level of proteins are characterized by the?
Presence of alpha helix and pleated sheets
56
The tertiary level of proteins are the?
Overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide stabilized by the presence of hydrophobic interactions
57
The quaternary level of proteins consist of?
More than one polypeptide
58
What proteins help proteins fold into their normal shape and correct miss folding of new proteins?
Chaperone proteins
59
What are Miss folded proteins that have been implicated in a group of fatal brain diseases?
Prions
60
What are the two varieties of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
61
What does DNA do?
Genetic material stored information for replication
62
What does RNA do?
Performs functions within a cells, such as protein synthesis and regulation of gene expression
63
Each nucleotide is composed of what three parts?
A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, a nitrogen containing base
64
The backbone of the nucleic acids strand is composed of?
Alternating sugar phosphate molecules
65
What is the difference in RNA and DNA molecule?
RNA is predominantly a single stranded molecule. DNA is a double stranded molecule.
66
Adenine makes hydrogen bonds with?
Thymine
67
Cytosine makes hydrogen bonds with?
Guanine
68
The bonding between the nitrogen containing bases in DNA is referred to?
Complementary base pairing
69
The sugar in DNA is called?
Deoxyribose
70
The sugar in RNA is called?
Ribose
71
DNA bases are?
Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
72
RNA bases are
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
73
Does DNA have a helix?
Yes
74
Does RNA have a helix?
No
75
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
76
What is ATP?
The source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
77
What is ATP composed of?
Adenine, ribose and three phosphates
78
Role of buffers
Chemical or combination of chemicals that Keep pH within normal limits
79
Role of Antiacids
Counteract the acid in your stomach to relieve heartburn or indigestion
80
Importance of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons help to bind the nucleus together
Neutrons help stabilize the nucleus of an atom
Electrons help give atoms their volume, shape and assist with bonding of individual atoms
81
Concept of Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
82
Properties of covalent bonds
• Not soluble in water
• Low melting and boiling points
83
Properties of ionic bonds
• High melting and boiling points
• Solids do not conduct electricity
84
Peptide bond
When the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of another molecule
85
Hydrogen bond
Slightly positive hydrogen atom is attracted to slightly negative atom
• Soluble in water
• High boiling point
• High surface tension
86
Fatty acids
• Soluble in organic solvents
• Insoluble in water
87
Types of lipids
Fat, oil, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
88
Butter VS Vegetable oil
Butter is saturated fat
Vegetable oil is unsaturated fat
89
Unsaturated fatty acids properties
• Liquid at room temperature
• One or more double bonds
• Low melting point
90
Saturated fatty acid’s properties
• Solid at room temperature
• High melting point
• Lack double bonds
91
Properties of organic molecules
• Contain carbon
• Soluble in non-polar solvents
• Flammable
• Low melting and boiling points
92
Properties of inorganic molecules
• Soluble in water
• Not flammable
• Good electricity conductors
93
Functional groups
Group of atoms responsible for characteristic reaction of a particular compound
94
Triglyceride
Main component of fats and oils
95
Macromolecule lab – Identification of macromolecules
The solution turned purple when there was a presence of proteins
The solution used in the protein test was Biuret
The solution turned dark blue/black when there was a presence of carbohydrates
The solution used in the carbohydrate test was Iodine-potassium iodine
The paper turn translucent when there was a presence of lipids
96
Properties of lipids
• Oily
• Non-polar molecules
• Energy rich
• Soluble in non-polar solvents
• Insoluble in water
97
Properties of proteins
• Colorless
• Large molecular weight
• Denaturation
• Coagulation
98
Properties of DNA
• Soluble in water
• Denaturation
• Absorption
