Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Chemical Nomenclature
A
A systematic naming of chemical substances
2
Q
Chemical FormulaS
A
A combination of symbols, subscripts, and possibly superscripts that identifies the composition of an element, compound, or ion
3
Q
What information do chemical formulas provide?
A
- the relative number of atoms of each element contained in a compound
- some provide how atoms are arranged
4
Q
What does writing a chemical formula imply?
A
Bonding of some type
5
Q
Formula Unit
A
The collection of atoms described by a chemical formula
- an atom or molecule of an uncombined element, a molecule of a molecular compound, or the set of ions in the formula of an ionic compound
6
Q
Subscripts
A
A number following the symbol of an element (or a closing parentheses) that denotes the number of atoms of the element (or the number of groups) in a compound
7
Q
What does the formula unit represent?
A
The ratio of groups in the formula unit
8
Q
What are the different forms compounds can exist in?
A
- Covalent compounds (molecular)
- Ionic Compounds
9
Q
Molecules
A
an uncharged, covalently bonded group of atoms
10
Q
When do molecules form
A
occurs when nonmetals bond
11
Q
Covalent compound
A
a compound that contains only nonmetals and/or metalloids bonded together (also called a molecular compound)
12
Q
Ionic compound
A
`A compound made up of metal atoms bonded to nonmetal atoms
13
Q
Lattice structure
A
a three-dimensional framework containing altering positive and negative ions, in which the ions are bonded to multiple different ions of the opposite charge in all directions
14
Q
The relationship between ionic compounds and the lattic structure
A
Ionic compounds bond the lattice structure
15
Q
What are the diatomic molecules
A
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
16
Q
Diatomic Molecules
A
A molecule containing two atoms
17
Q
allotropes
A
one of two or more forms of an uncombined element (diamonds and graphite are both allotropes of carbon)
18
Q
The chemical formula for a molecular compound indicates ___
A
the number of atoms of each type in a molecule
19
Q
The chemical formula for an ionic compound indicated ___
A
the ratio of the atoms of each type
20
Q
A subscript after a chemical symbol in a chemical formula indicates____
A
how many atoms of that type are in one formula unit of that compound
21
Q
What does it mean if there is no subscript?
A
the number 1 is implied
22
Q
What do subscripts outside of parentheses mean?
A
They are multipliers that apply yo rach element inside the parentheses
23
Q
Ionic compounds contain____
A
metal atoms bonded to nonmetals
24
Q
Covalent (molecular) compounds contain____
A
only nonmetals
25
Binary Compounds
a compound composed of exactly two elements
26
Binary covalent compound
a compound composed of exactly two nonmetals
27
What are the prefixes for binary compounds?
1 - mono
2 - di
3 - tri
4 - tetra
5 - penta
6 - hexa
7 - hepta
8 - octa
9 - nona
10 - deca
28
Naming Binary Covalent Compounds
1. The first nonmetal has a prefix added if more than one atoms is present (stays the same if only one)
2. Add a prefix to the second nonmetal regardless of how many atoms there are
3. Add -ide to the end of the second nonmetal
***the nonmetal farthest from F goes first (closest to the left corner)
29
How to pick which nonmetal goes first in a binary covalent compound
1. the nonmetal farthest from F/the closest to the bottom left corner
2. If they are in the same group do the one farthest down
3. If they are the same distance do the one on the row down
30
What is named different with binary covalent compounds?
Hydrogen
31
What are the three hydrogen binary covalent bonds we need to know?
1. NH3 - Ammonia
2. PH3 - Phosphine
3. AsH3 - Arsine
32
Binary covalent compounds are made up of ____
two different nonmetal elements
33
What do binary covalent compounds use to denote the number of each element in a molecule?
Prefixes
34
When is the prefix of the first molecule omitted in a binary covalent compound?
When there is only one of the molecule
35
The relationship between the name of a binary covalent bond and the formula
If the element if named first in the compound, its symbol is written first in the formula
36
iON
an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost electrons and therefore has a net negative or positive charge
37
Cations
positive ions (lost electrons)
38
Anions
Negative ions (gained electrons)
39
Monatomic ion
An ion consisting of a single atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons
40
Binary Ionic Compounds Info
- form when metal atoms combine with nonmetal atoms
- the metal atoms give their electrons to the nonmetals (the metal has a _ charge and the nonmetal has a - charge)
41
Row 1A Ionic Charges
H = + 1, -1
Li = +1
Na - +1
K = +1
Rb = +1
Cs = +1
Fr = +1
42
Row 2A Ionic Charges
Be = +2
Mg = +2
Ca = +2
Sr = +2
Ba = +2
Ra = +2
43
Transition Metal Charges
Ti = +2, +3
V = +2, +3
Cr = +2, +3
Mn = +2, _3
Fe = +2, +3
Co = +2, +3
Ni = +2, +3, +4
Cu = +1, +2
Zn = +2
Pd = +2, +4
Ag = +1
Cd = +2
Pt = +2, +4
Au = +1, +3
Hg = +2
44
Row 3A Ionic Charges
Al = +3
45
Row 5A Ionic Charges
N = -3
P = -3
46
Row 6A Ionic Charges
O = -2
S = -2
Se = -2
47
Row 7A Ionic Charges
F = -1
Cl = -1
Br = -1
I = -1
48
Rows and their charges
1A = +1
2A = +1
3A = +3
4A = 4 N/A
5A = -3
6A = -2
7A = -1
49
How are Ionic Charges determined?
Based on how many electrons they have compared to how many they need to be the closest noble gas
50
What is the special case for the noble gases of row 1-3A?
They are positive because they go to the noble gas in the previous row so they have too many since the closest is behind them not in front of them
51
What about the charges for Chemical Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds?
- all compounds are electrically neutral overall
52
polyatomic ion
A group of two or more bonded atoms that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in an overall net charge
53
Common Polyatomic Ions
Ammonium Ion - NH4+
Acetate Ion - C2H3C2- or CH4CoO-
Bromate Ion - BrO3-
Carbonate Ion - Co3-
Chlorate Ion - ClO3-
Cyanide Ion - CN-
Hydroxide Ion - OH-
Nitrate Ion - NO3-
Phosphate Ion - PO4(4-)
Sulfate Ion - SO4(2-)
54
When are ions formed?
When an atom gains or loses an electron
55
What are cations charge?
Positive
56
What are anions charge?
Negative
57
What formula must have a net charge of zero?
Ionic Compounds
58
What gives the formula of ionic compounds?
The smallest integer number of cations and anions needed to achieve an overall net charge of zero
59
What are the characteristics of most main group cations and all monatomic anions in ionic compounds?
Most main group cations and all monatomic anions have characteristic charges that can be used to determine the charges on the other ions in ionic compounds
60
What is the order for naming Ionic Compounds?
Compounds consist of the name of the cation first followed by the name of the anion
61
What are the three main types of cations
1. Polyatomic: primarily the ammonium ions NH4+
2. Monatomic metal cations with a constant charge: metals in groups 1 and 2 and a few others
3. Monatomic metals with various charges: Group 3-16 metals
62
Polyatomic ions
- must be memorized
- NH4+ is the only polyatomic cation likely to encounter in gen chem
63
How to name a constant charge cation
The name of the element followed by ion
64
How to name a variable charge cation
- The name of the element followed by a roman numeral in parentheses
- Stock system
65
Stock System
The nomenclature system for inorganic compounds in which the oxidation state (or change for a monatomic cation) is represented as a roman numeral in the name of the compound
66
What are the different types of anions
1. Monatomic Anion: ions of groups 5-7 nonmetals
2. Polyatomic anions: these anions can be further classified as oxyanions of they contain oxygen
67
Naming Monatomic Anions-
- Named by changing the ending of the elements name to -ide
68
What are the exceptions to the monatomic anion naming?
OH- and CN- use -ide even though they are polyatomic
69
Naming oxyanions
- the ending -ate is used for the one with more oxygen atoms
- the ending -ite is used for the one with fewer oxygen ions
- The one with more than the standard most starts with per-
- The one with less than the standard least starts with hypo-
70
Oxyanions
An anion containing oxygen currently bonded to another element
71
What are oxyanions in relation to polyatomic anions?
A class of polyatomic anions that contain an element along with a variable number of oxygen atoms
72
What are the most used Oxyanions
perchlorate - ClO4-
Chlorate - ClO3-
Chlorite - ClO2-
Hypochlorite - ClO-
Perbromate - BrO4-
Bromate - BrO3-
Bromite - BrO2-
Hypobromite - BrO-
Periodate - IO4-
Iodate - IO3-
Iodite - IO2-
Hypoiodite - IO-
Sulfate - SO4(-2)
Sulfite - SO3(-2)
Nitrate - NO3-
Nitrite - NO2-
Phosphate - PO4(-3)
Carbonate - CO3(-2)
73
Explain how polyatomic anions add H+
Polyatomic anions with charges -2 or -3 can add H+ and still be polyatomic anions
74
How do you name polyatomic anions with an H+
Add hydrogen or dihydrogen to the front
75
Naming Ionic Compounds
- Represent the lowest whole-number ratio of cations to anions
- Names do not have to state the number of cations and anions
- State the name of the cation followed by the anions
1. Cation - Constant charge write the name, variable charge put the name w/ a roman numeral
2. Anions - monatomic write the root + ide, polyatomic write the name
76
Waters of hydrogen
water molecules incorporated into the crystal lattice structure of some ionic compounds
77
How are waters of hydrogen indicated
Indicated in the chemical formula by a contered dot after the ionic formula followed by the number of waters of hydration per formula unit
78
Hydrate
an ionic compound that has water molecules bonded to it
79
Anhydrous
"without water"
80
Naming Hydrates
Name the ionic compound first and then combine a prefix that identifies the number of water molecules with the word hydrate
81
What are constant charge cations
Constant charge cations are monatomic ions that always have the same charge
82
Is the charge of the ion included in the name of constant charge monatomic ions?
No
83
What are variable charge cations?
Variable charge cations are monatomic metal ions that do not always have the same charge
84
Is the charge on the ion included in the name of variable charge monatomic ions?
Yes
85
How do you learn to write polyatomic names?
You memorize them or look them up
86
What are monatomic anions made up of?
Monatomic anions are made up of only one atom with a negative charge
87
How are monatomic anions named?
They are named using the root of the element name with the suffix -ide
88
Explain oxyanions
Oxyanions are a type of polyatomic anion containing oxygen along with another element. They are named using a system that includes the suffixes -ate and -ite, and in some cases, the prefixes per- and hypo - depending on the relative number of oxygen atoms in the ion
89
How are ionic compound names written?
Ionic compound names result from writing the cation name, followed by the atomic name
90
What are hydrates
Hydrates are ionic compounds with water molecules incorporated into their structures
91
How are hydrates named?
Hydrates are named like ordinary ionic compounds with the addition of a prefix attached to the word hydrate to denote the number of water molecules per formula unit
92
Acids
a compound that ionized in solution to produce H+ ions
93
What type of compound are acids?
Covalent compounds
94
What happens when Acids react with water?
- One or more H+ is released
remained of the acid molecule becomes an anion with a -1 charge for each hydrogen ion that was released
95
How do acids behave in water?
when dissolved in water acids behave as cations (positive)
96
Ionizable hydrogen atoms
any of the hydrogen atoms in an acide that are capable of reacting with water to form H+ ions
97
How to determine ionizable hydrogen atoms
Written first in the chemical formula of an acid
98
Monoprotic acid
An acid that has only one ionizable hydrogen atom per formula unit
99
Polyprotic acid
an acid that has more than one ionizable hydrogen atom per formula unit
100
How to spot an acid
All chemical formulas that begin with H are acids when dissolved in water except H2) and H2O2
101
What are the three types of acids
1. Binary
2. Oxy-
3. Organic
102
Binary acids
made up of H and one other element
103
Oxyacids
an acid of a nonmetal covalently bonded to one or more oxygen atoms made up of H bonded to oxyanions
104
Organic acids
made up of H, C, and O atoms
105
Naming Binary Acids
1. Take the root portion of the monatomic anions name and add the prefix hydro-
2. Add the suffix -ic
3. Add 'acid' to the end
106
When are binary acids named as acids?
They are only named as acids when dissolved in water
107
How do you name nondissolved acids?
If not dissolved then name it as if hydro were an alkali metal and using the naming rules for ionic compoundd
108
Naming Oxyacids
1. begin with the name of the oxyanion in the acid
2. replace the -ate with ic or the -ite with -ous
3. Add acid to thee end
4. If hypo or per prefix leave them there
109
What are acids?
Acids are a group of hydrogen containing compounds that when dissolved in water can react with water molecules and release one or more H+ ions
110
Acids and ionizable H
An acid will have one ionizable H atom for each negative charge on its anion, and for every H ion removed from the formula of an acid, one negative charge is added in the resulting anion
111
Where is H in most acids?
In almost every acid H is the first part of the chemical formula
112
How are acid names derived?
The names of acids are derived from the names of the anions they contain
1. The -ate suffix on an anion is removed and replaced with -ic acid
2. The -ite suffix on an anion is removed and replaced with -ous acid
3. The -ide suffix on an anion is replaced with -ic acid and the prefix hydro- is added
