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PSYC 340 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Reliability?

A

-consistency of measurement (scores/responses)
-degree to which a test or procedure yields the same results repeatedly under the same circumstances
-the greater the reliability the better

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of reliability?

A

-test-retest
-interrater
-internal consistency

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3
Q

What is Test-Retest reliability?

A

-test produces similar results when given at two different points in time

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4
Q

What is Interrater reliability?

A

-two or more raters/judges who administer a test to an individual and come to similar conclusions

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5
Q

What is Internal Consistency reliability?

A

-various parts of measure yield similar on consistent results
-are the questions on the test measuring the same thing?

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6
Q

What is Validity?

A

-extent to which a tool measures what it is supposed to measure
-accuracy, match with “truth”

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of validity?

A

-predictive
-construct
-content

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8
Q

What is Predictive validity?

A

-how well a test anticipated a person’s behaviour or response

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9
Q

What is Construct validity?

A

-how well a test or measure relates to the characteristics or disorder in question

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10
Q

What is Content validity?

A

-how well a test measures what it is intended to measure; test assesses all important aspects of phenomenon

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11
Q

What is Standardization and ways of standardizing?

A

-administering tests or conducting interviews in the same way for everyone
-ways of standardizing: procedures scoring; interpretation

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12
Q

What is a Standardization sample?

A

-group of people who initially took the measure; performance is used as standard or norm for comparison
-test takers should be similar to the standardization sample for test to be valid

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13
Q

What is a Psychological Assessment?

A

-gathering and integrating information about a person in order to form a judgment/impression
-such as traits, skills, abilities, emotional function, and psychological symptoms

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14
Q

What do psychological assessments help us do?

A

-help us predict course of disorder or future functioning
-help us plan for treatment
-help us monitor treatment progress

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15
Q

What is Evidence-Based Assessment?

A

-select assessment measures based on extensive criteria (reliability/validity)
-use of multiple methods of assessment
-assessment that is developmentally and culturally sensitive
-assess strengths and weaknesses of individual and context(s)
-monitoring symptom change over time

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16
Q

What are the main assessment methods?

A

-interviews
-observations
-mental status exams
-psychological tests and inventories
-biological tests (neuropsychological measures; brain imaging/neurological tests; psychophysiological measures)

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17
Q

How do interviews work?

A

-trained clinician interviews the client or other informants
-observe client and collect data about the person’s life history, current situation, and personality

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18
Q

What are the types of interviews?

A

-structured: standardized questions; highly controlled; high reliability; used to diagnose
-unstructured: can ask any questions (follow-up); more flexibility; less reliable

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19
Q

What are the domains of interest of interviews?

A

-current and historical symptoms
-recent events or major life changes
-developmental and family history
-medical history
-socio-cultural factors
-occupational history
-treatment history
-strengths
-treatment goals

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20
Q

How many clinicians use structured interviews and why?

A

-only 15% of therapists use structured diagnostic interviews, but 63% think they would be helpful
Why?
-clinical intuition is better (37%)
-they take too long (34%)
-they disturb the relationship with the patient (32%)

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21
Q

What do clients think about structured interviews?

A

-78.5% of patients found structured interview helpful
-86.7% of patients found relationship with interviewer positive

22
Q

What did clinicians expect clients’ satisfaction to be?

A

-clinicians expected clients to report average satisfaction level at 49.41
-clients reported average satisfaction of 86.55
-also reported that relationship was better than clinicians anticipated they would

23
Q

What are Behavioural Observations like?

A

-naturalistic or controlled
-highly structured/specific or less formal
-functional analysis (ABC; antecedent, behaviour, consequence)

24
Q

What is the Mental Status Exam?

A

-objective: evaluate a client’s cognitive, psychological, and behavioural functioning
-trained clinician make judgements about appropriateness and quality of responses
-subjective and one’s cultural background can influence the assessment (eye contact, posture)

25
What are general descriptions the Mental Status Exam looks at?
-appearance -mood and affect -speech -thought process, thought content, memory -judgment and insight
26
What are psychological tests and inventories?
-standardized tools -measure characteristics such as personality, social skills, intellectual abilities, vocational interests -scores are compared with norms
27
What are 3 types of psychological tests and inventories?
-projective tests -self-report inventories -intelligence tests
28
What are Projective Tests?
-present standard, ambiguous stimuli -assumes that people faced with an ambiguous stimulus will "project" their own needs, personality, conflicts -reliability and validity mixed -analysis and interpretation of responses subject to wide variation
29
What are 4 different types of Projective Tests?
-Rorschach Inkblot Test -Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) -Sentence-completion test -Draw-a-person test (children)
30
What are Self-Report Inventories?
-questionnaires meant to assess people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving -self-report or observe-report -group norms
31
What are 2 examples of self-report inventories?
-Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 3 (MMPI-3) -Behavioural Assessment System for Children (BASC)
32
What are the limitations of self-report inventories?
-fixed number of answer choices -response bias or response style -interpretations of the responses of people from different cultural groups may be inaccurate -cultural factors may shape the way a trait or characteristic is viewed
33
What are Intelligence Tests?
-standardized tests with norms -obtain intelligence quotient (IQ), or current level of cognitive functioning -also used in learning disorder, intellectual disability, intellectually giftedness, and ADHD assessments
34
What are some common intelligence tests?
-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) -Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) -Standford-Binet Intelligence Test (SB5)
35
What are some limitations of intelligence tests?
-cultural bias in tests -does not capture all intelligence
36
What are Biological Tests?
-measures of brain and physical function --neuropsychological --brain imaging/neurological tests --psychophysiological
37
What is Neurological Assessment?
-indirect measures of brain and physical function -tests developed to assess behavioural disturbances caused by brain dysfunctions
38
What are 2 types of neurological assessment?
-Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor Test: copying geometric designs; certain errors are characteristics of neurological impairment -Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: differentiates patients with brain damage
39
What are brain imaging/neurological tests?
-directly measuring brain structure or physiological processes in the brain
40
What are the types of structural imaging?
-Computerized axial tomography (CT) -Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (better resolution but more expensive)
41
What are the types of functional imaging?
-Electroencephalograph (EEG) -Magnetoencephalography (MEG) -Positron emission tomography (PET) -Single photon emission computes tomography (SPECT) -Functional MRI (fMRI) -Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
42
What is a psychophysiological assessment?
-measure autonomic nervous system activity (heart rate, muscle tension, blood flow) -assessments are not sensitive enough to be used for diagnosis -electrodermal responding: skin conductance (sweating)
43
What are the purposes of diagnoses?
-communication: providers understand what the label means -prognosis: label communicated information about future progression -treatment planning: labels may help guide treatment choices -practical reasons (insurance) -relief to individual suffering from diagnosis: help provide recognition and understanding of symptoms -facilitate research: defines participant group
44
Could diagnoses be harmful?
-Rosenhan: 12 pseudopatients went to psychiatric hospitals with "auditory hallucinations; 11 got diagnosed with schizophrenia (categorization harmful) -Holm-Denoma: proper diagnostic feedback was beneficial to clients and improved positive emotions
45
Holm-Denoma et al?
46
What are the 2 approaches to classification?
-categorical approach -dimensional approach
47
What is the categorical approach?
-category is based on theory of etiology or identified disease processes -each disorder fundamentally different, non-overlapping -have it or don't have it
48
What is a pro and con of the categorical approach?
-pro: clear criterias -con: some symptoms overlap so there could be misdiagnosis
49
What is the dimensional approach?
-cognitions, moods, behaviours represented by dimensions -disorders reside on a continuum from normal to severe forms of a disorder
50
What are pros and cons of the dimensional approach?
-pros: can reduce stigma; could have less cultural bias -cons: how di we apply this in practice? need a cutoff; impractical
51
What is the DSM classification system?
-diagnostic and statistical manual - 5th edition -categorical approach -specific diagnostic criteria for each disorder
52
What are the controversies and limitations of DSM?

PSYC 340 (13 decks)

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