Chapter 3

Question 1

What is culture?

Answer 1

Refers to the totality of socially transmitted material and non material aspects of human existence

Can very across time and space

Question 2

Socialization

Answer 2

A process by which people learn their cultures.

All social institutions play a role in the transmission of culture

Question 3

Diffusion

Answer 3

The spread of cultural practices from one society to another
- TV, films, internet make diffusion easier

Question 4

Hybrid cultures

Answer 4

Different cultural practices within multicultural societies - carry elements of a variety of cultural traditions

Question 5

Cultural universals

Answer 5

When all societies develop certain common practices and beliefs

Question 6

Innovation

Answer 6

Introducing an idea or object that is new to a culture
- there can he consequences of this

Question 7

Discovery (innovation)

Answer 7

Making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality

Question 8

Invention (innovation)

Answer 8

When existing cultural items are combined into a form that and not exist before

Question 9

Subculture

Answer 9

Shares elements of larger society but has its own distinctive values norms, etc…

Argot: specialized language within subculture

Question 10

Counter culture

Answer 10

Subculture that rejects conventional norms and ranks and adopts alternative out

Question 11

Culture shock

Answer 11

Feels out of place, unfamiliar culture

Question 12

Multiculturalism

Answer 12

Promotes cultural and racial diversity

Question 13

Cultural imperialism

Answer 13

Influence of the material or non material elements of a culture on another culture

Question 14

Language

Answer 14

System of symbols that allows members of society to communicate

Question 15

Sapir -wharf hypothesis

Answer 15

Language precedes thought

Language is not a given, it is culturally determined

Question 16

Folkways

Answer 16

Informal norms that may be violated without serious consequence

Question 17

Mores

Answer 17

Strongly held norms, violation of which would result in strong societal reactions

Question 18

Taboos

Answer 18

Mores with stricter prohibitions, punishable by law

Question 19

Laws

Answer 19

Formal norms enforced by formal sanction)

Question 20

Ethnocentrism

Answer 20

Practice of judging another culture by the standards of your own

Question 21

Cultural relativism

Answer 21

Belief that all cultural practices are equally valid

Question 22

Xenocentrism

Answer 22

Believe that their own culture is inferior

Question 23

High culture

Answer 23

High status, highbrow concerns

Question 24

Popular or mass culture

Answer 24

Culture of ordinary people, tastes that are widespread in a society

Question 25

Bourdieau and forms of capital

Answer 25

Relationship between class and culture

Question 26

Economic capital (bourdieu)

Answer 26

Material resources (property and money)

Question 27

Cultural capital (bourdieu)

Answer 27

Behaviours, knowledges credentials, and qualifications that provide prestige Example: sports, music, art etc...

Question 28

Social capital (bourdieu)

Answer 28

Community ties that can support individuals

Question 29

Symbolic capital

Answer 29

prestige or recognition that provides status to an individual

Question 30

Dominant ideology

Answer 30

Prevail and receive common acceptance in society

Question 31

Discourse

Answer 31

Contested ways of understanding and communicating public issues

Question 32

William F. Ogburn

Answer 32

Distinguished between material and non material aspects of culture

Question 33

Cultural lag

Answer 33

Period of maladjustment when the non-material culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.

Question 34

Social perspectives on culture Functionalist

Answer 34

Role of culture is maintaining order Dominant cultural value reflect societal consensus

Question 35

Conflict sociologists

Answer 35

Changes in economic base in society = changes in the culture Dominant values reflect The interest of the powerful

Question 36

Feminist sociologists

Answer 36

Patriarchal ideology legalize gender inequality

Question 37

Symbolic interactionIst

Answer 37

Culture meaning are created and interpreted through everyday interaction